The History Of Harley Davidson Marketing Essay

The History Of Harley Davidson Marketing EssayHarley-Davidson(formerly HD), often shortenedH-DorHarley, is an American ridecycle grantr. Founded inMilwaukee, Wisconsin, during the first decade of the 20th century, it was unity of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive theGreat picture.The compevery sells heavyweight (over 750cc) motorcycles knowing for cruise on thehighway.Harley-Davidson is a reliable brand namewhich keeps active events,functions a museum. Harley-Davidson logo accounts for almost 5% of the brand companys net revenue.In 1901,Mr.William S. Harley, was the reveal of this plans for a small engine with a design of 7.07 three-d furthert ones (116 cc) and four-inch (102mm) flywheels.The prototype of the in the buff loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10-15ft (3.0-4.6m) shed in the Davidson family backyard. Most of the major parts, however, were made elsewhere, including some probably made-up at the West Milwaukee rail shops where oldest brother William A. Davidson was thentool roomforeman.In 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers reinforced their first factory in Chestnut Street. still this location name Harley-Davidsons corporate headquarterstoday. Harley davidson first manufacturing plant was a 40-60ft (12-18m) single-story wooden construction. this plant was produced aprox 50 motorcycles that year.In 1907, William S. Harley graduated from theUniversity of Wisconsin-Madisonwith a degree ofmechanical engineering and the same year additional factory expanding upon came with a second floor and later with facings and editing of Milwaukee pale yellow brick. With the recent services and stuff production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907.They to a fault began selling their motorcycles to police departments to others departments around this time, a market that al slipway been important to them ever since.Harley davidson which was produced in 1905 n 1906 they all were in single cylinder with 26.84 cubic inches ( 44 0cc ) engines.in feb 1907 they manufactured V-Twin engine with 45 degrees and was displayed at the chicago Automobile showroom. between 1907 n 1910 a very few v twin illustration were build as well as shown and advertised.Harley davidson first V-Twins model displaced in 1907 and 1910 was 53.68cubic inches (880 cc) and produced about 7horsepower (5.2 kW). This gave about double the power of the first singles. superlative degree speed was about 60mph (100 km/h). and the company Production jumped from 450 motorcycles in 1908 to 1,149 machines in 1909.In 1911,some 150 motorcycles company had already been built in united stated so harley davidson improved V-Twin model was introduced for the market. The new V Twin engine had advance operated stirring valves, as opposed to the automatic intake valves use on previous V-Twins that opened by engine vacuum. having displacement of 49.48cubic inches (811 cc), the 1911 V-Twin was smaller than earlier twins, just gave better performance and g ood result. subsequently 1913 the majority of bikes produced by Harley-Davidson would be V-Twin models.By 1913, Harley davidson improved there market so they demolished and constructed the yellow brick on the site a new 5-story anatomical structure of resistant concrete and red brick had been built for the new site.In spite of the competition with other brands, Harley-Davidson was the one who already pulling ahead ofIndiansand would dominate motorcycle shout on it after 1914. the manufactured that year swelled to 16,284 machines.Golden time period for the Harley-Davidson was in the 1920 become the epicst motorcycle manufacturer in the world. and the filler of the HD motorcycles were sold by dealers in 67 countries. Production was about nearly 28,189 machines.In 1921,Otto Walker who riddent harley davidson, he was the first motorcycle ridder ever to win a race at an medium speed of over 100mph (160 km/h).During the 1920s, several changing put in place for the race, such as a new 74 cubic inch (1200 cc) V-Twin, introduced in 1922, and as well the Teardrop gas tank in 1925. A front brake was added in 1928.In the late summer of 1929, Harley-Davidson introduced V twin flathead with 45cubic inches (737 cc) to compete with the Indian 101 Scoutand theExcelsior exceedingly X.This was be recollective to D model, produced from 1929 to 1931.Riders of Indian motorcycles irreverently referred to this model as the three canister Harley because the generator was upright and parallel to the front cylinder.The 2.745in (69.7 mm) bore and 3.8125in (96.8 mm) stroke would continue in most versions of the 750 engine exceptions include the XA and the XR750. (Ref. by Harley-Davidson eNotes.com Reference ).The Great DepressionAfter the introduction of their 45 cubic inch modelGreat Depressionbegan a few months. Harley-Davidsons sales plummeted from 21,000 in 1929 to 3,703 in 1933. Despite those dismal numbers, Harley-Davidson proudly unveiled its lineup for 1934, which inclu ded a Art Deco Styling with flatthead.In sanctify to survive the remainder of the Depression, the brand company manufactured industrial powerplants based on their motorcycle engines for the best output. They also designed and built a three-wheeled delivery vehicle called theServi-Car, which was based in production until 1973.Claims of stock Price ManipulationIn late 1990s the golden time periods of the harley davidson was on the hot flash demand and early first decade of the 21st century, Harley-Davidson took a look on a program of expanding their dealerships end-to-end the 67 countries. At the mean time, its posit dealers had waiting for the lists that extended up to a year for some of the most popular models. Harley-Davidson, like the auto manufacturers or the producers,they records the sale when it is deliverd to the dealer non when a consumer buys their product. Therefore, it is quite possible for the manufacturer to inflate sales numbers by requiring dealers to accept mor e inventory than desired in a practice called expect filling.This news led to a dramatic decline in the stock price when demad softened following the unique 2003 model year.Financial crisisIn 2009 check toInterbrand, the value of the Harley-Davidson fell by 43% to $4.34 billion. the company profits droped in 2009 in two quarters and which fall in value is believed to be committed to the 66% .On April 29, 2010, Harley-Davidson explore alternate u.s site to achieve that they must cut the amount of $54million in modern cost from the production. The statement came in the agitate of a massive company-wide reformation, which began in early 2009 and involved the closing of two factories, one distribution center, and the planned removal of nearly 25% of its total hands (around 3,500 employees).(Ref by ridley choppers vs harley davidson Google Search)SoftailHarleys strong value of tradition was based on these big-twin motorcycles. With the rear-wheel suspension hidden under the transmis sion, they ar visually similar to the hardtailchopperspopular in the mid-sixties and 1970s, as well as from their own earlier history. Harley davidson kept the tradition and made few amendments like, they offerd Softail models with Springer front ends and Heritage styling that integrate design cues from throughout their history.DynaDyna motorcycles feature age -old styling and big-twin engines. They can be distinguished from the Softail by the traditional c embrocate-over delay that bonds the swingarm to the frame and from the Sportster by their larger engines. On these models, the program also houses the engines oil tank.In 2006, Harley-Davidson introduced their five best Dyna models Super Glide, Super Glide Custom, Street Bob, Low Rider, and Wide Glide.In 2008, the Dyna Fat Bob was introduced the unique Dyna line-up featuring violent styling, featuring a new 2-1-2 tire out, having twin headlamps, a 180mm rear tire and a 130mm front exhaust.The Dyna family uses the 88 cubic inch t win cam from 99-06. From 2007-and on the dislodgment was increased to 96 cubic inches. This was the result of the factory increasing the hit to 4 3/8 inches.SportsterIn 1957, the Sportster is the longest-running model family in the Harley-Davidson brand. They were prep bed as racing motorcycles, and were popular on dirt and flat-track race courses through the 1960s and 1970s. Smaller and lighter than the older Harley models, contemporary Sportsters curb use of 883cc or 1,200cc Evolution engines and though often modified, remain similar in appearance to their racing ancestors.In 2003 model year, the engine on the Sportster was rigidly attached to the frame. The 2004 Sportster taken a new frame featuring a rubber-mounted engine. Due to these ammendments these bike become heavier and reduced the available lean angle, it reduced the amount of vibration transmitted to the frame and the rider.Just because of the rubber mounted engine it provides a significantly smoother ride for rider an d passenger, for the longer trips.In the year 2007 , Harley-Davidson celebrated its 50th anniversary of the Sportster and introduced a limited edition called XL50, of which only 2000 were distributed for sale purpose among the dealers. Each motorcycle was individually camed in one of two colors, Mirage Pearl Orange or Vivid Black. In 2007, a new category having electronic fuel injection was introduced to the Sportster , and the Nightster model was introduced in mid-year. In 2009, Harley-Davidson added the urge 883 to the Sportster line, the newest in the Dark Custom series.Environmental recordAccording to theEnvironmental Protection Agencyconducted emissions-certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 2005. Harley-Davidson produced an environmental warranty. The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is structured and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to non meet EPA standards.In 2005, the EPA a nd thePennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection(PADEP) con harded Harley-Davidson to be the first corporation to willingly enroll in theOne Clean-Up Program. This program is structured for the clean-up of the affected grime and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance blueprintt. The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations.Harley-Davidson cultureHarley-Davidson motorcycles slang long been associated with the sub-cultures of the Biker ramcycle club proscribedlaw motorcycle clubs, bikers, one per centersOrigin of Hog nicknameIn 1920, a team of farm boys, includingRay Weishaar, who became cognise as the hog boys, continuously won races. The group had a livehogas their mascot. The HOG BOYS made the Harley towin the races and make a victory lap.In 1983, the Motor Company introduced a club for owners of its product taking advantage of the long-standing nickname by do working hog into the acronym HOG. , for Harley Owners Group. Harley-Davidson attempted totrademarkhog, but lost a case against an independent Harley-Davidson organisation, The Hog Farm of West Seneca, NY,in 1999 when theappellate panelruled that hog had become ageneric termfor large motorcycles and was therefore unprotect able as a trademark.On August 15, 2006, Harley-Davidson Inc. had its NYSE ticker symbol changed from HDI to HOG.COMPETITORS OF HARLEY DAVIDSONAmerican Iron Horse ChoppersA new firm has been introduced in the market i.e. American Iron Horse Choppers. They have a custom bike shop that dealt with various brands of choppers. They are a dealer for APC, Ironworks,Iron Horse, and Swift. They also do repairs on other brands. There are a couple of Big Dog choppers along with manyIron Horse bikes. Out of all the bikes we worked with I consider Iron Horse and Big Dog to be some of the best out there nevertheless they are not better than Harley Davidson. I loved dealing with Iron Horse as they really provide a lot of straitlaced maintenance documentation. One amour that I think is the biggest problem with custom choppers is the wiring. Iron Horse went the extra mile and in my opinion did a great job fashioningproper wiring harnesses for their bikes. If a bike came out of the crate with any chrome or paint issues they were real quick to send new parts to plant the problem.Big Dog also does a good job as far as warranty stuff and they have designed a new primary set-up that allows you to replace the starter without having to take the primary apart.IIRC both bikes run SS engines. They make some really good material and usually dont bounce often problems.As far as aftermarket parts both bikes use standard Softail forward incorporate mounts so nevertheless about any aftermarket Softail forward control setup will fit. The tripple trees are also standard Harley stuff so any handlebar setup will fit.They look great but to me they are not fun. I like bikes that you can lean in to a corner with. But the super wide tires on the choppers will just laugh at you if you try to take a corner faster then a car. Theyre great in a straight line but I hate making turns with them as it didnt take much before you were scraping the street with a part of the bike. So I cant help you much in that category.(Ref. by American IronHorse vs. Big Dog (Choppers only) Yahoo Answers)West Coast ChoppersWest Coast Choppers motorcycles are known asold school.WCC bikes have been known as more exposed down when contrasted with decades-long established chopper builders likeArlen Ness, that is, a bike having, not much there but engine, what the law requires, and something to turn out on.In spite of this information, a WCC product is the use of9 mmand.44 Magnumshell casingsas purely non-functional art, adorning the fuel or oil filler caps or top of the motorcycles handlebar risers. The presence of this 20th Century gun ammunition is intended to evoke Jesse G. James distant ancestor,old westoutla wandfighter Jesse James.A tough brand tie between the chopper-riding biker and old west outlaws is a mainstay of biker culture, established by the biker worlds Norman Rockwell,and its painterDavid Mann. The bikers cross logo, a version of theIron Crossor theMaltese Cross, is also typical of a WCC bike, though that symbol is nearly everywhere in Kustom Kulturein any case.The old firm label of WCC bike labels fits loosely as well, moreover in recent years as WCC has moved away from the traditionalHarley-Davidsonchopper, seen by James as too ordinary, and enhanced the style to grooms its look. Specific ammendments includeLambrettascooters,Honda 305 Scramblers, andSchwinn Black Phantombicycles.Labels used by West Coast Choppers have been designed to make it professional look firm Atkins Parker Creative, who carefully observed the colours and motifs dear to old firm bikers, such as Vietnam war squadron patches. This is crafted to remanufactured for mass consumption the odd, imperfect sh apes of old hand-painted bike art in order to gratify the customers keen sense of authenticity.(Ref by american iron horse choppers Google Search )SWOT synopsis of Harley-DavidsonThis case is an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for Harley-Davidson.Name recognition Harley-Davidson is possibly the most recognizable name in the motorcycle industry, anywhere in the world. This is possibly because of the typical, rough strike (sounds like potato-potato-potato) which made its bikes famous. Or perhaps its because the name Harley-Davidson is the core of the motorcycle industry, and the Harley-Davidson is the motorcycle that almost every rider aspires to own. Whatever the case, HDI enjoys brand name extension that other companies strive to obtain, yet fail to achieve.History Harley-Davidson has a long history, beginning in 1909, with the introduction of the V-Twin engine. Harley-Davidson motorcycles were in high demand during World struggle I, and HDI w as one of only two motorcycle companies to survive the Great Depression of the 1930s. The military used Harleys during WWII, and law enforcement agencies around the country either have used or are currently using Harley-Davidson motorcycles as a tool for their Police Officers, Sheriffs Deputies and Highway Patrol Troopers enforce the laws of this great nation. Today most of the youngsters have a passion to buy and keep Harleys as an antique. These bikes have liberal in popularity around the globe because of their reliability and durability. World Wrestling Entertainment Super Star Undertaker also used to enter the wrestling arena on a Harley Davidson bike.Harley-Davidson Performance analytic thinkingThere are many ways to test the output of the company, some more famous than others. According to Barney text ,the accounting method is the most useful and famous way of measuring a firms output (Barney, 2002). Some of the reasons for the popularity could include the fact that accounti ng measures of output are publicly their on many firms and they can make a great deal of material related to the firms operations. Other methods of the frims output analysis consist of firm survival and the multiple stakeholder approach.The first method we will check is the accounting method. finished this accounting method we will take a look on specific ratios and their possible impact on the companys output. The specific ratios we will analyse contains the regress on total assets, return on equity, gross profit margin, earnings per share, price earnings ratio, debt to assets, debt to equity, accounts receivable turnover, total asset turnover, fixed asset turnover, and average collection period. I will explain each ratio in complete detail, and why I have included it in this check, when I give the results of each specific ratio calculation.The return on total assets is an overall measure of prosperity which measures the total success of management in generating profits match to its ratios. This ratio shows the amount of net income generated by each one dollar bill invested in these assets. The higher the firm returns on total assets, the better. The return on total assets of Harley davidson was 14.04% for 2001, 14.27% for 2000. These percentages are up and shows an upward trend, this shows strong output in this area for the previous two years.Return on equity (ROE) showsthe profitability from the stockholders perspective. The ROE is a step to check the return earned on the common stockholders investment in the firm. Generally, the higher this return, the better off the stockholders are. Harley Davidsons return onHarley Davidson Case AnalysisIn 2007, Harley Davidson was the worlds most profitable motorcycle company. They had just released great earnings and committed to achieve earnings per share growth of 11-17% for each of the next three years. Their chief executive officer of 37 years, James Ziemer, knew this would be an extremely difficult task see ing Harleys domestic market share recently top off at just under 50%. The domestic market was where Harleys achieved the most growth over the past 20 years and with it leveling off, where was Harley going to get the 11-17% was the million dollar question.Harley Davidson has built a brand that is more than just the spread eagle on a load rumbling motorcycle, but for those who purchase a Harley they are purchasing a lifestyle, an experience, or piece of American culture if you will. Due to this differentiating factor Harley has been able to charge a premium for its products and still be sure-fire against its lower priced competition. Harley built upon this lifestyle when it created the Harley Owners Group (HOG). Harley would promote shows, rallies and rides through HOG in the US and even in other countries. This helped to build its coveted go for into more of an exclusive club. In the 1990s, Harley Davidson saw tremendous growth and looked for resolutions to its one problem of balancing production with its soaring demand. In 1996, Harley announced Plan 2003. Plan 2003 was a huge undertaking to increase its production capacity, introduce several new models and increase international expansion. At the end of this planned expansionary period, Harleys sales had grown tenfold over just 23 years. However in 2007, domestic demand was starting to slip, as several economical factors weighed on the American consumer, making it more difficult to buy luxury products.In 2007, Harley Davidson finds itself in a battle with heavyweight contenders with deep pockets and a lot of engineering resources. Harley lacks theHarley Davidson Strategic AnalysisWilliam Harley and Arthur Davidson wanted to take a look of riding bicycles in 1901. After joining of the Arthur brothers, Walter and William in their firm, they came up with the new idea of making a motor and a bicycle together. Many engine ammendments were made before the satsfaction of the builders. In 1903, they m anufactured the first Harley-Davidson motorcycle and they produced three that year. Harley built its first building in 1907 on Juneau Avenue in Milwaukee. That same year, they manufactured 150 motorcycles. As they were used for rebuilt purposes, they were also came in the useage of military . They fullfill the military useage in knock against skirmishes and the government called for 20,000 bikes to be shipped overseas. During the war, other companies also tried to challenge the market of Harley, but Harley remained the largest. The depression had an unfavorable effect on Harley as it did with most firms, but they overcome on that issue and the crisis and celebrated its fiftieth year in 1953 as the sole survivor in the bikes industry.Harley attract public in 1965, but was bought by thirteen heavy Harley-Davidson executives in 1981. It was returned to public useage in 1986 by calling two million shares of common stock. It was accepted by the New York business line exchange i n 1987 and has been there ever since.2. A firm with the history of Harley-Davidson has few defects and threats, but a SWOT analysis can help them turn them into favorable conditions and strengths.Strengths- Customer satisfaction is the first strength of Harleys business. Once a person bought a Harley, it seems as they trapped in the entire Harley business. Once they bought a Harley, they usually never buy another brand of motorcycle. Once a person purchases a bike, the jacket, bandanas, etc. become a must. Opportunity for Harley is that the economy is at a place where people will go out and buys a motorcycle for recreational purposes. (Ref by Harley-Davidson eNotes.com Reference).

Measuring The Cost Of Cybercrime Criminology Essay

Measuring The Cost Of Cybercrime Criminology EssayAustralasians policing (this also includes New Zealand Police) vision statement, as indicated in its strategic directions document is A safer and more secure association. Because technology, which includes the internet, is a very essential part of life today, the term community in Australasians vision statement occupys to correspondingly be relevant in the new facet of cyberspace. It discusses the dangers and risks of the internet which includes the description of the e-crime problem, the effect on safety in different situations, and the different problems it poses classifies and discusses the new receipt problems that may be run into during e-crime prevention, exposure and investigation and delineates broadly initiatives of Australasian policing meant to prevent and minimize the occurrence of e-crime and improve the communitys safety and warrantor. It concludes by asserting that a response dexterity will only be successful and all-inclusive by wholly adopting prevention and partnership programs, including, with regards to online youth abuse, putting prominence on community education that requires the growth of protective behaviours in children, educated and involved adults, and good guidance by parents, teachers and schools.Ciardhuin, S. (2004). An extended model of cybercrime investigations. InternationalJournal of Digital Evidence, 3(1), pp. 1-22.An efficacious model of cybercrime investigations is vital due to the fact that it specifies a theoretical reference framework, independent of any specific organisational setting or technology, for the analysis of methods and technology for fortify investigators work. Ciardhuin in this term presents a model of investigations which brings together existing models, simplifies them and expands them by clearly focusing on specific activities that they do not have. preferably of only processing evidence like previous models, this model clearly outlines the info rmation that flow during an investigation and depicts the deep extent of an investigation. This piece also presents the results of an appraisal of the model by cybercrime investigators in practice. It concludes by testing the feasibility and applicability of this model by comparing it to various important existing models.Brenner, S. W. (2006). At lower speed Attribution and response to cybercrime/terrorism/warfare, Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 97(2), pp. 379-419.The alacrity and obscurity of cyber-attacks renders differentiating among the activities of terrorists, offenders, and nation states challenging. This article elucidates why and by what means reckoner technology obfuscates the correlated practices of classifying internal (which include crime and terrorism) and external (war) dangers to society of coming backing such threats. It begins by structuring a classification of cyber threats (that is, crime, terrorism, and war) and describes why these changing threat cla sses hindquarters make who- and what-attribution difficult. It also gives details of how these problems with attribution influence the handling cyber threats and continues to investigate this issue by considering methods that can be used to improve the response substance without compromising principles dear to the heart. The article concludes by agreeing that while the methods analysed in the article may not be the key to solving this obscurity, or the solution to the problem, the paper may be used in discussing these issues, a discussion that lead to developing of strategies that enhance the ability to manage the threats that occur from cyberspace.Brenner, S., Koops, B. J. (2004). Approaches to cybercrime jurisdiction. Journal ofHigh applied science Law, 4(1), 189-202.Jurisdiction in cybercrimes is a thorny subject. Activities on the internet that are equityful in the areas where they are started may be illegal in other(a) areas, even if the activity is not principally direct ed at that single area. This article focuses on jurisdiction in basic unlawful law by scrutinizing the cybercrime statutes of several countries and states. The analysis is however limited predominantly to statutory law because, hitherto, the case law existing on cross-border cybercrime jurisdiction is scarce. After comprehensively bountiful a description to jurisdiction, the article reviews jurisdiction clauses in cybercrime statues that determine jurisdiction, centred on either territorial claims, on personality claims, or on other claims, for cause the protection rule and universality. It concludes by recapping the different tactics in cybercrime jurisdiction, the difficulties that this disparity presents, and specifying stemming issues that call for further analysis.Australian Government. (2009). Cybersecurity Strategy. Commonwealth of Australia.Retrieved fromhttp//www.ag.gov.au/Documents/AG%20Cyber%20Security%20Strategy%20-%20for%20website.pdfAmong the top national security p riorities in Australia at the moment is cyber security. The national security, economic wealth and social security in Australia are vitally subject to the accessibility, reliability and privacy of a variety of ICTs (Information and Communication Technology). This article is an Australian Government Policy Strategy that describes how the government is using every resource to help safeguard government, business and exclusive Australians. It also describes the means in which new capacities have been started to ensure that Australians, as well as the businesses they do business with, are better protected. It concludes by suggesting that, minded(p) the fast growth in the intensity and complexity of cybercrime and other cyber security perils, it is critical that government, business and the society are cognizant of the seriousness of cyber security risks and send to work as one to protect this critical part of the community and economy.Wall, D. (2008). Cybercrime, media and insecurity The shaping of public perceptions ofcybercrime. International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 22(1-2), pp. 45-63There is a fundamental disparity in our perception of cybercrime that solicits several critical questions nigh the condition of the production of criminological knowledge on it. This article critically examines the manner in which public perceptions of cybercrime are modelled and uncertainties about it are spawned. It looks at the differing abstracts of cybercrime before pinpointing conflicts in the production of criminological knowledge that are the cause of the confusion between grandiloquence and reality. Next, it juxtaposes the myths of cybercrime with what is really happening with the intention of appreciating the reassurance disproportion that has unfolded between community adopts for internet security and its provision. The article concludes by calling for the necessity to be clear about where the equilibrium between the destiny to maintain lawfulness online and the need to enforce law is set because, until this equilibrium has been realized, the cybercrime reassurance gap will not be closed.Choo, K. R. (2008). organize crime groups in cyberspace A typology. Trends inOrganized Crime, 11(3), pp. 270-295. doi 10.1007/s12117-008-9038-9.While questions have been raised as to the existence of organised criminal activities in cyberspace, a number of studies have of late highlighted the interaction between cyberspace and organized crime. The cyberspace gives organised crime groups an asylum for the development of their organisational and effective abilities. This article describes three classes of organised groups that take advantage of developments in ICT to contravene legal and regulatory jurisdictions, which comprise (1) old-style organised criminal groups that exploit ICT to boost their global criminal activities (2) organised cybercriminal groups that operate entirely online and (3) organised groups of ideologically and doctrinall y inspired parties who exploit ICT to ease their criminal behaviour. The article concludes by noting that with the enhanced probability of digital content being a basis of debates or forming part of basic proof to back or rebut an argument in judicial proceedings, the need for law application to have broad understanding of computer forensic techniques, tools, principles, procedures and guidelines, in addition to anti-forensic tools and techniques will become more pronounced. Moreover, it also sees the need for snappy strategies of response and more research on investigating organised criminal activities in cyberspace.Holt, T. J., Bossler, A. M. (2012). Predictors of Patrol Officer Interest in CybercrimeTraining and Investigation in Selected United States Police Departments. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 15(9), 464-472.For the past thirty years, there has been an increase in the use of technology to aid crimes in both the cyber and physical worlds. This problem has resulted in the creation of significant challenges for the enforcement of law, especially at the state and local levels. It is because of this that this article examines the dynamics that projected patrol officers interest in cybercrime investigations and development in two south-eastern cities in the U.S. The analysis particularly observed the connection between demographics, cybercrime exposure, computer training, computer expertise, Internet and cybercrime perceptions, and perceptions on policing cybercrime with officer appeal to cybercrime investigation training and handling cybercrime investigations in the future. At the end, from the findings, the article substantiates the argument that more knowledge and departmental consultations relating to the value of investigating these types of crime need to be held so as to boost officer interest.Bossler, A. M., Holt, T. J. (2012). Patrol officers perceived role in responding tocybercrime. Policing An International Journal of Po lice Strategies Management, 35(1), pp. 165-181Minor empirical research is available concerning how local law enforcement has dealt with cybercrime. The main aim of this article is to know the law enforcement agencies that line officers consider to be largely in charge of investigating cybercrime instances their views about their agencys current capacity to handle these offenses and their attitudes as regards the effective ways of improving the social response to cybercrime. To do so, the authors surveyed patrol officers in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg and Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan police departments. The authors found that officers do not think that local law enforcement should be largely in charge of dealing with cybercrime incidents and they have scarce information on the manner in which velocity management is handling cybercrime. Officers showed that the most effective approaches to handle cybercrime were more care taken by people online and amendments to the legal system. The article concludes by noting the significant need for more statistical recording of cybercrime so as to better appreciate the problem in addition to how local law enforcement and first responders are tackling these issuesJiggins, S. (2000). E-crime a global challenge for law enforcement. Platypus Magazine,Australian Federal Police. Retrieved fromhttp//www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/publications/platypus/previous-editions/2000/december-2000/ecrimeAmong the biggest challenges related with modern technology is the fact that crimes can be perpetrated on a large-scale basis with such rapidity and obscurity, which if not dealt with, endangers the sustainability of the economic security of businesses and the existence of smaller nation states. Because of this invasive nature of modern technologies, the report recognizes the need for law enforcement to work together with other sectors in the industry and the community to breed an across-the-board state and local approach to the issue. The repo rt tackles issues such as the global nature of e-crime, securing, developing and holding on to expert staff and getting around technology gap, gathering and retaining electronic evidence, establishing the identity of criminals, developing tools to counter crime, reacting to crime instantaneously, and advancing reporting of electronic crime. The report concludes by setting the stage for further analysis, which will identify first priority matters, gaps and weaknesses that must be tackled by any strategy if law enforcement is to meet the challenges of the virtual horizon.

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Causes, Symptoms and TreatmentOne of the diseases that has severely impacted the resists of nation these days is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) which is a delimit that is fatal and sublime which has impact on the brain of kind-hearted being. CJD causes damage to the brain that gets worsened with the passage of time. The patients diagnosed with the disease die within oneness year as bulk become immobile (Solassol et al., 2006). CJD is unremarkably caused by an abnormal protein known as prion. Before prion is understood, proteins function for carcass must be clarified. For every human being, proteins argon important for life and be present in body of all living things. Every part of military man body has good composition of protein such(prenominal)(prenominal) as muscles, hair, fingernails, bones, skin, blood, body organs and eyes. After water, protein is the bit most important constituent of body (Belay et al., 2003).According to LiveScience Sta ff (2012), protein is mainly used for building, maintenance and repairing of body tissues it is present in various forms which perform m each jobs in human body and the structure of each protein determine its function. The building blocks of proteins ar long thread of amino acids which get folded and curled into complex three dimensional shapes which allow proteins to perform their job. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner from University of California i.e. San Francisco purified an instrument which was infectious made of unique kind of protein and referred to it as prion in 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to him in 1997 for discovery of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) that was mainly caused by prions.Prions get accumulated in brain at much higher levels that cause permanent damage to the nerve cells which cause various neurological symptoms. These infectious particles be different in behavior from stodgy bacteria and viruses which cannot be destroyed by exposing to heat and radiation. Even antiviral and antibacterial medicines substantiate no effects on prions hence, presently, there is want of invaluable manipulation for CJD (Belay et al., 2003).Understanding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)Basically, CJD is a very rargon form of deadly form of dementia which can spread fastly in the body from brain. Prions be mostly shew in brain and ar harmless when they are not given proper shapes, they may have effects that can be devastating which can even attack brain, kill its cells and create holes or gaps in tissue of brain (Ironside, 2009). Prion diseases have been ground in both animals and humans such diseases were in news of mid 1980s along with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic which was referred to as Mad Cow disease, it is a cattle disease. In humans, it is known as CJD. The disease is arrange in about one to two people among million people worldwide.Types of CJDThere are basically two types of CJD i.e. Classic CJD and mingled CJD (vCJD). The three types of classic CJD are Sporadic CJD, Familial or divisortic CJD and Iatrogenic or Acquired CJD.Sporadic CJDMore than 90% of people diagnosed with CJD are suffering from this type of CJD and it is mainly found in people aged in surrounded by 45 to 75. There are no item symptoms for this CJD (Shah et al., 2009) however, some early symptoms such as depression may be present but it can quickly progress into confusion and problems of computer storage which is unremarkably observed in dementia, followed by loss of balance and coordination along with progressive blindness (Piouti et al., 2012).Familial or contagious CJDFamilial or genetic CJD is one of the rare genetic condition in which the someones genes are inherited from one parent who causes the protein to get mutated into a prion in later stages of life that trigger the symptoms of CJD. In other words, it appears in families that have abnormal gene. About 7% of cases have this type of CJD. In r egularise to diagnose it, blood evidence is done psyche having this abnormal gene has 50% chance of transmitting it to children. The other rare form of this CJD are Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) and Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker (GSS) both of these are rarely found in people (Brand et al., 2006). It arrives in people who have age of 50 years.Iatrogenic or Acquired CJDThis type of CJD is rarely found in people as it is found in those people who get CJD while accidental transmission that takes place during a medical procedure like corneal grafts, instruments in neurosurgery, human pituitary hormone therapy or human dura-mater grafts (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010).Variant CJDPeople having average age of 28 years are found to be suffering from Variant CJD. It is usually developed from eating of beef that was infected with BSE. It can even occur with blood transfusion in which variant CJD is transmitted from one someone to other. erstwhile the symptoms are identified, the disease spreads quickly in the body (Tattum et al., 2010).Signs and Symptoms of CJDIn m any(prenominal) of the cases, classic CJD looks similar to various other dementias the disease comes on fastly and wherefore declines the ability of thinking as symptoms start appearing. Some of the most commonly found symptoms are that the person may have swings in mood, problems related to memory, divert absence and not behaving like oneself, having difficulty while walking such as keeping balance, dementia rapid progressions such as loss of memory and other thinking capabilities, problems in vision such as blindness, stiffening of limbs, twitching or jerks in muscles, feeling of clumsiness, enunciateing problem such as slurred speech, difficulty in swallowing and akinetic mutism in which person can move eyes and appear to be alert but can incomplete move voluntarily or speak (Espinosa, Bensalem-Owen, Fee, 2010 Sikorska et al., 2004).However, people who are in CJDs later stages face problems such as losi ng cognizance as it can be seen in various neurological examinations. While the disease in the early stages, CJD patients are s shell outd and it can be a di evinceing situation for them it is usually associated with hallucinations that are visual which means seeing things that are not present there which might develop uncomfortable feeling in them (Andrews, 2012).People who are suffering from sporadic CJD usually live than twelve months after the appearance of signs and symptoms the maximum life is two years. Before finale, some people fall into condition of coma the main reasons of death are heart failure, pneumonia or respiratory failure such as breathing problem (Rossetti Dunand, 2007). Among the most common symptoms found in Variant CJD people are changes in behavior, depression, withdrawal from social gatherings, difficulty in walking, dementia that is progressive, unable to do movement or speak and pain and odd kind of sensation in limbs or face (LiveScience Staff, 2012).C auses of CJDAccording to studies of Ironside (2009) and Tattum et al. (2010), CJD is caused by slow virus or other small organisms. The agent that causes this disease has several characteristics which are different from viruses and bacterias. The organisms are difficult to kill as they dont have genetic culture on them in the form Nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and has long period of incubation before symptoms are made visible. However, it has been found that it is mostly caused by prion proteins that can occur in both normal and infectious form. The normal forms have same shapes as that of amino acids but infectious ones differ in their shapes from normal proteins. Once they appear, abnormal ones start to get aggregated which start affecting the brain. Only 5-10% cases are inherited ones that arise either from mutation or changes in gene which are responsible for interpretling the formation of normal prion proteins.Diagnosis of CJDCJD is difficult to diagnose especially when it is in its initial stages there is no specific test available for diagnosing in living person. Only way to make sure that person had CJD is by examining the tissue of brain after his death. However, there are some other tests and procedures can be used for diagnosis of the disease such as medical history examination as it will assist doctors in learning the persons symptoms and signs when they get started as CJD gets spread quickly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in which brains picture is taken to let out the difference between various types of CJD Computerized Tomography (CT) scan in which brains picture will be taken to diagnose the disease Puncture of Lumbar which means taking changeable form the spine of a person by using syringe and a needle, it is done to identify the infections of brain blood tests to identify if there is any chance of genetic CJD Electroencephalogram (ECG) in which electrical activity of brain is measured and brain autopsy in which tissue of brain is ex amined after persons death (Puoti et al., 2012 Shah et al., 2009).Treatment for CJDUp till now, there has been no success in developing right treatment for CJD. The researchers have done numerous tests with many drugs such as steroids, antiviral agents, antibiotics, amantadine, acyclovir and many much but they have not been able to find perfect cure for this disease (Puoti et al., 2012). Some studies are still in progression to develop appropriate treatment for patients but none of them have been successful in benefiting the human beings.The treatment for CJD that is being followed by various doctors is aimed at alleviation of symptoms and trying to make the individuals as comfortable as the experts can do so that they have the will power of fleck against the disease. Some of the opiate drugs can relieve pain when people suffer from it but the drugs such as Sodium Valproate and Clonzaepam definitely help in relieving of myoclonus. When the disease is in later stages, position of p erson is changed frequently so that he gets comfortable and bedsores can be prevented. For draining urine, a catheter can be used as it helps in controlling the function of bladder and artificial feeding can also be used.Precautions for CJDAlthough there are chances that CJD gets transmitted by being incautious during medical procedures but still people need to take guard of various things that can help them in remain protected from this disease. CJD is not a contagious disease that can be transmitted either by social or sexual contact or via air or feeding, tinge or even taking supervise of person suffering from CJD at home. some of the basic precautionary measures that need to be followed are washing hold either before eating or drinking, covering wounds or cuts with bandages that are waterproof, protecting face and hands from being exposes to blood or fluids of body of person who is affected by this disease and taking special care in blood transfusions so that CJD infected p erson does not give his blood.In monastic order to avoid variant CJD, beef from selected countries should be eaten countries that have high risk of TSE are much vulnerable to risk. The only options available for avoiding this type of CJD are either to eat beef from countries that emphasize on strict regulations on its lineament and avoid eating parts of cattle that have high risks such as spinal cord, intestines, brain and eyes.ConclusionCreutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD) is among the fastest growing disease that is being faced by many people worldwide. It has become important for researchers to identify right course of treatment for this disease so that patients can get full recovery. In order to make sure that people who have genetic CJD are given appropriate treatment before symptoms start to become visible, it is important that people get their blood tests done at regular intervals. When any of the signs and symptoms is observed in people, it is advised that they contact a doc tor immediately who can ensure that right tests are done for identification of this disease.Still, the researchers have to do extensive work for identifying the main causes of CJD along with developing a remedial solution. Among all the available options, the best one is to contact any well-known doctors who are specialist in neurology who will take the patient in right treatment method. Hence, everyone needs to make sure that they have complete information about this disease so that they can face it with determination and strong will power.Palliative carry on for Cancer Patients Literature ReviewPalliative Care for Cancer Patients Literature ReviewGretha CabralLiterature ReviewCancer has become a global concern in the recent decades and various researches have elevated the need for mitigative care for crabby person patients besides the treatment that they receive from their respective hospitals. Researches show that alleviatory care prolongs the life of patients more as com pared on relying the treatments alone. According to research conducted by Julia Medew, patients who are suffering from lung cancer could enjoy longer, quality life and low depression where they bestowed palliative care immediately after they are diagnosed with lung cancer, as opposed to starting at the late stages of the disease. According to this champaign, Medew aimed that the findings would change the views of both the patients and the doctors on the quality of palliative care (Medew, 2011). The care aims at improving the quality of life of the for patients with progressive, serious illnesses through paying high attention to the control of their symptoms and pain, recognizing their spiritual and psychological needs and providing the necessary support to the patients and their families.Medews study divided 151 patients with lung cancer into two roots in order to clearly outline the quality of palliative care (Medew, 2011). The first group of lung cancer patients was to only whe n rely on the standard treatment that the patients would receive from the wellness facilities while the second group was to receive the same treatment that would be accompanied by immediate referral to palliative care within a time range of twelve weeks after diagnose. Consequently, the findings showed that, the average survival period of patients in the second group was around three months longer and those patients reported living a high quality life and far much better moods as compared to the first group.Moreover, this American study was seconded by Ian Haines, who was a Melbourne cancer specialist who recommended that, palliative care should be administered by doctors to cancer patients. This suggestion was made because most health professionals, cancer patients and many other individuals realized that palliative care can serve as the only default measure of managing cancer when all other measures have been exhausted. He also suggested that, if early referral of cancer patients to professional palliative care can be an expensive measure, the governments should subsidize by increasing the allocation of more funds to the ministry of health since its value outweighs the costs that may be associated with it (Medew, 2011).Professor Haines also gave another case study that recently followed 333 cancer patients up to their death. The study also divided the patients into groups where one involved patients who were hospitalized to receive cancer treatments while the other group was treated and discharged in order to receive supererogatory palliative care at their respective homes. The study findings showed that, patients in the first group died within a short time interval than those in the second group. In addition, those patients in the first group also experienced emotional and physical distress than those patients in the second group who died while receiving palliative care at their homes. The study concluded that, faster occurrence of deaths in patients who a re admitted in health facilities was highly contributed by high extents of grief and more post-traumatic stress that arose from the family members and friends of those patients (Medew, 2011). His study also established that early referral of patients to palliative care helps caregivers and patients to understand their treatment options better especially at the end of their life. Furthermore, this early referral helps to reduce enfeeble expensive treatments such as chemotherapy and excessive utilization of limited medical resources.In addition, most cancer patients are not used to palliative care in most countries and this unfamiliarity calls for the need for providing information to patients, their family members and friends sensitizing to them the quality of palliative care. According to research conducted by Ms. Etheredge, one of the officials of hospice palliative care society, she found that, palliative care frightens most individuals including cancer patients since most people are used to the tradition of patients being admitted to hospitals for treatment. Therefore, discharging cancer patients after treating them and then requiring them to seek palliative care at their respective homes elevate stress to patients since the latter concludes that they are being sent to meet their deaths at home. She suggested that, the governments should construct a cancer hospice in a strategic point since according to her, the environment where palliative care is provided matters most (Furse, 1999). She further suggested that, any other hospice to be constructed near to water and charabanc route since these are the two primary necessities that assist the caregivers and the families.Moreover, she also seconded the decision of the health minister of Australia in launching the national palliative care awareness week that would inform people about the equity and access of this care (Brigid, 2011). During the launching of this palliative care awareness campaign, the health mi nister also depict the palliative strategic plan to inform the services that palliative care offers. In addition, brochures printed in Greek, Chinese, Vietnamese, Italian and polishes were distributed to different people during that week outlining palliative care services. This distribution of brochures was to enhance the reach of palliative care information to more people especially those who both dont speak English and are not aware of the services provided by palliative care.In addition, according to Mark Colvin, most of the cancer patients in Australia are not aware of the existence, quality and the services that are provided by palliative care centers because most doctors do not sensitize and refer these patients to palliative services. According to study that surveyed a judge of one thousand doctors all over the country and within the duration of one year, more than eight hundred doctors do not refer cancer patients to palliative care. Merrilyn stone, for example, was not re ferred to palliative care when she was initially diagnosed with breast cancer in 1990 (Barrett, 2004). This lack of referent made her to still firm her believe that palliative care is intended for the dying people and this made it harder for her to understand the value of palliative care when her condition came back eleven years later.Moreover, according to Afaf Girgis, this lack of referring patients to palliative care during the early stages of cancer development enhances the perception of the community and the patients that palliative care is intended for individuals who are at the deaths door and this is much untrue. Girgis further outlines this lack of referring cancer patients to palliative care predisposes the patient to more and severe consequences when the disease progresses to its advanced stages. In the long run, the particular patients live less additional days, as opposed to when they would have been early referred to palliative care services (Barrett, 2004).However, a ccording to Rebecca Barrett, the study found that, very few health professionals who used to refer their patients to palliative care. In addition, in case these health professionals happen to refer cancer patients to palliative care, the latter was mostly intended to control pain but not for emotional or psychological support or legal and financial support. Consecutively, according to Dr. Sundquist, most health professionals concentrate more on curing the cancer patients and most are unaware of the quality of palliative care. He further challenges this doctors works and suggests that, the latter needs to understand more is needed to cancer patients besides treatment services (Barrett, 2004). Moreover, cancer patients need additional services that include practical and emotional support that involves palliative care.Moreover, in Australia, Whyalla hospital developed project of constructing Whyalla cancer treatment marrow squash that would cancer services almost at par with the same treatment services that were offered in Adelaide. Initially, many cancer patients were forced to travel long distances in order to access cancer services at Adelaide hospital (Bruce, 2012). The construction of Whyalla cancer Centre aimed at reducing the transportation burden of cancer patients to long distances. According to whale news, the cancer center would offer a wide range of palliative services to the cancer patients especially those who were recently diagnosed with cancer. According to the chairman of his cancer project Mr. champion, the cancer Centre would offer services such as creating position for training activities and research, counseling of cancer patients, chemotherapy, outpatient care services among others. Additionally, the Whyalla cancer Centre would operate in cooperation with the already established Adelaide health facility in order to share health professionals and other technical equipments. This cooperation statement was echoed by Mr. Champion who said the specialists will determine if the complexity of the cancer requires the patient to receive treatment in Adelaide or if they can remain in Whyalla. (Bruce, 2012)However, the recent researches show that most patients suffering from cancer would prefer to meet their deaths at their homes rather than at the health facilities. These researches recommend that health professionals should follow the wishes of cancer patients on where the latter wants to receive palliative care. In connection to this, Eurobodalla health services have provided ambulance protocols that would drive on doctors to respond to the emergency calls from the homes of cancer patients (Oconnor, 2014). These services would enable cancer patients to receive palliative care at their homes as they wish.ReferencesBarrett, R. (2004). Cancer patients missing out on palliative care palliative support. Sydney, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC Premium News Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/458087832?Brigid , O. (2011). Palliative care boosted. Melbourne, News Digital Media. Vic.Sunday Herald Sun Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/867896592?Bruce, K. (2012). genuine news for cancer patients. Whyalla, S. Aust, Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. Whyalla News Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1081480966?Furse, L. (1999). Strategy for better palliative care. Canberra, A.C.T, Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1012751431?Medew, J. (2011). Early palliative care could prolong life. Canberra, A.C.T, Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1020447587?Medew, J. (2011). Palliative care extends length and quality of life. Sydney, N.S.W., Fairfax Digital. Sydney sunup Herald Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/854392582?Oconnor, K. (2014). Treatment available closer to home for palliative patients. Batemans Bay, N.S.W, Fairfax Media Publications Pt y Limited. Bay Post Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1516592167?Gretha Cabral s3483440

An Inspector Calls - Synopsis Essay -- English Literature

An Inspector Calls - SynopsisIts a comfortable night in springtime and the Birling Family andMr.Croft are celebrating the liaison on their daughter Sheila toMr.Croft. Its all going so well the whole family are wallowing intheir self pride. There is a knock an the door, an inspector calls. Asthe inspector starts to break down the party, we start to understandmore to the story. The inspector tells the group that there hasrecently been a suicide by a young woman name Eva Smith. He explains to thegroup how together it was of their doings that forced this girl tocommit suicide.Mr Birling, a prosperous manufacturer employed Eva Smith at hisfactory. firearm working at his factory Eva Smith started a strikeasking for higher pay rise which resulted in her sack.She managed to get a new trade in a shop that was very popular among theBirling family. Sheila being the stuck up child that she is wasshopping in there one day when she was trying on a certain garment andbelieved this Eva Smith wa s smirking at her. She complained to theshop resulting in Evas second sa...

Bertrand Russell is one of the greatest masters of English Prose. :: essays research papers

Bertrand Russell is one of the greatest masters of English Prose.Bertrand Russell is one of the greatest masters of English Prose. He revolutionized non only the subject matter but also the mode of expression. He has in him a happy blend of greatest philosopher and a great writer. He was awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1950. The subject matter of his essays may be very difficult but his manner of expression is so lucid and unreserved that even a layman can understand him without any extra difficulty. It is a rare privilege which only few prose masters enjoy. The precision and pellucidness which Russells prose modality possesses are very rare in the bulk of English prose.Russell has justly been regarded as one of the great prose stylists of the 20th century. Although he is non a literary writer yet his work devoted in the first place to problems of philosophy, ethics, morality, political, social life and economics, etc. impresses us greatly by its literary qualities.Of c ourse, Russells style sometimes becomes difficult for the average reader who comes across sentences which he has read for to a greater extent than once in order to get the meaning. Russells style appeals mainly to our intellects and very little to our feelings or emotions. He uses words simply as tools, to convey his meaning plain and effective and not to produce any special effects. It is not a coloured or gorgeous style. Nor is there any passion in it. It is somewhat cold.There are no jeweled phrases in his writings nor sentences over which we would like to linger with the aesthetic pleasure. Russells style is intellectually brilliant. He can condense an idea or a model in a few words if he so desires. Russell is always direct, simple and lucid. He knows that the complexity of expression leads to ambiguity. Nothing can be more lucid than such opening linesHappiness depends partly upon external circumstances and partly upon oneself.Of all the institutions that have come down to us from the past, none is so disorganized and derailed as the family.Russells sentences clearly show Bacons terseness. They are replete with so deep thoughts like those of Bacon that we may elaborate them in unfathomable pages. Many sentences are like proverbs, replete with deep meanings likeExtreme hopes are born of extreme misery.One of the most powerful sources of false whimsy is envy.Pride of a race is even more harmful than national pride.

Passage Analysis- A Farewell to Arms :: essays research papers

One measure of a powerful writer lies in her ability to write literature in which any passage can be set apart from its context and still express the qualities of the whole. When this occurs, the integrated insight of the entire work is a sign of true artistry. Ernest Hemingway, an author of the Lost Generation, was one much(prenominal) writer who mastered the art of investing simple condemn structure with layers of complex meaning. Hemingway, who was a journalist in the earlier years of his writing career, was known for writing in a declarative or frizzly style of prose. The depth of emotion and meaning that he conveyed through such minimalistic text is astounding. He also experimented with a stream-of-consciousness technique developed by writers such as James Joyce and William Faulkner to an interior dimension to his prose. In A Farewell to Arms, the story of wartime romance between an American soldier in the Italian Army, Frederic, and Catherine, the British nurse who cares f or him, there are a multitude of passages which could easily stand alone as poetry because of their symbolic meaning. However, when these exceptional passages are woven into the framework of the novel as a whole, the reader is able to reach an even greater level of understanding. One extraordinary passage is found near the complete of the novel during which Frederic Henry agonizes over the danger his lovers in while she struggles with the birth of their baby. By juxtaposing the imminent birth of Frederics child with the likely death of his beloved, Hemingway explores a deep ambivalence about the meaning of life and loss. finishedout this passage, structure plays an important role in illuminating Frederics activated metamorphosis from concern to desperation.The passage opens with Frederic watching poor, poor dear Cat (line 1) in her apparent state of helplessness as she struggles through giving birth. Through strong word choice, Hemingway continues to display Frederics obvious co ntemptuous feelings about the biological consequences of love. He views Catherines pain and suffering as the price you pay (line 1) for harming someone. Ironically, a birth is usually shown in a positive light as the pain one suffers to birth a child pales in likeness to the tremendous joy of receiving a newborn baby. Despite conventions, Frederic feels as if he has been trapped by some malignant force of life and is anything but blessed about the impending birth.

The Impact of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Sports Essay -- Steroids

The Impact of Performance Enhancing Drugs on SportsOne of the major issues in the password recently has been the use of performance enhancing substances in sports. This topic has been the subject of many front-page headlines in many publications, from sports magazines to newspapers. A recent scandal involving a San Francisco speak Area laboratory, BALCO Laboratories, has brought this issue to the forefront, and its really gotten a lot of attention because this case has led to a 42 count federal indictment by the U.S. attorney General.1 Another question can be asked as well Should these performance-enhancing substances be allowed in sports?First of all, what exactly argon performance-enhancing substances? They ar just what they are called substances that are used for enhancing performance. The use of these substances is of particular concern to agencies that govern sports, especially amateur sports. Some examples of performance enhancers that are used are anabolic steroids, stimulants, diuretics, and other alternatives. Steroids are chemicals that are typically produced by the human body as a way to regulate various bodily functions. Anabolic versions are used to adjoin muscle mass and endurance.2 Unfortunately, steroid and drug use in sports is nothing new. Until 2003, the most famous case of steroid use probably occurred at the 1988 exceptional Games. Some of you may remember the 100-meter race between U.S. athlete Carl Lewis and Canadian athlete Ben Johnson. After the race had been run, with Johnson emerging as the winner, a drug strain was taken by Johnson and it came out positive for steroids, meaning that he would have to forfeit his gold medal.3 Another famous, and more recent, example occurred in 1... ...Chemist, 2003, ESPN 29 Feb 2004, http//espn.go.com/gen/news/2003/1112/1659917.html11 Ashley 22.12 ?U.S. Drug Ring Aided Top Jocks,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Feb 2004A113 ?Drugs Involved In BALCO Case,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Fe b 2004A23. Both drugs named here are covered by this endnote.14 ?Drugs Involved In BALCO Case,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Feb 2004A23.15 United States Anti-Doping Agency. Guide to Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods of Doping. 2004.http//www.usantidoping.org/files/USADA_Guide.pdf16 Rachels, John. ?The Elements of Moral Philosophy.? p. 9217 Rachels 108.18 Kowalski 13.19 Rachels 202.20 Rachels 121. Also see Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant, 1875.21 Rachels 173-4.22 Rachels 174.23 Schnirring 16.24 Schnirring 16.