Participants in Construction Projects

Participants in body structure ProjectsA expression forge is a line under taken in the achievement of bend products. The term project in this context is being used for the hail use from inception to commissioning and occupation, involving an agreed and planned objective and total input of specialist participants and their interrelationships. It is a temporary non-recurrent activity that is started, implemented, evaluated and terminated. This activity is undertaken in response to demand (direct, derived, individual or collective) for face activity. Moreover, the activity is complex and, hence, necessitates the input of large numbers of participants with different disciplines to carry prohibited the separate but coordinated dutys of design, calculateing, following, pricing, and take. The participants who ar engaged to work on the project argon mainly unaccustomed to working with from each one other and, hence, projects activity imposes a special demand on team creat e and motivation. In addition, both participant should be made aware of either the governing conditions, objectives, responsibilities, relationship and basic parameters of the formula project.Construction projects vary considerably in size and complexity. Moreover, generall(a)y complex projects tend to be large get along of service element. This complexity poses major problems of bounded rationality, risks and uncertainty.Project ParticipantsThe participants to wind project procurement are the lymph gland (who is the initiator), the multi-disciplinary attainion consultants (who act as the lymph glands professional dismissrs) and the building contractor (who constructs the building).Together, this group of participants takes on and manages sequence of unmistakable but unrelated activities of the construction process from beginning to the end. A construction project, to all intents and purposes, is the production of groovy goods and, like every other capital investment, in volves careful intend and decision making.Construction projects generally are complex and composed of many activities. It is this complexity that calls for the input proposals of causations, contractors, suppliers and statutory authorities for their production. Although thee procurement method select whitethorn vary the relationship of the participants, thither will always be a proposer (client), designer (architect/engineer), construction team (builder), statutory authorities (gas, electricity, fire and water) and demesne local authority.A. The ClientThe client is the anchor to the whole construction production process from inception to completion and at times to post-occupancy maintenance. Without the client there would be no construction project. Construction industry clients either identify user potential or create the need for the facilities and raise the necessary financial resources for their creation. They initiate the construction process by commissioning various const ruction professional to build to specific requirement.During the design and construction phases, the client without delay or in flat monitors progress, time, constitute, and quality objectives and sanctions any necessary major variations to the design. Finally, on completion, it is the client who either disposes of the product at the marketplace or takes occupation and bears the repairs and maintenance cost of his/her investment. Therefore, the construction industry looks to many clients for work and, generally, these may be classified as public sector clients or clients from the private sector.A1. Public sector clientThese are public authorities whose operations are governed generally by Acts of Parliament. They act as agents for the rally government who exercise control over their capital building programmes and expenditure. The key public sector clients for the UK construction industry areCentral government department, who are accountable for their induce programme of cons truction on projects.Local authorities, who are responsible for the provision of housing, school, libraries, swimming pool, halls, sports centers and the like.Some health authorities, which are responsible for infirmary buildings.Public corporations (e.g. British Rail and Air Transport boards), who are responsible for the provision of buildings and other construction products for their own use.A2. Private sector clientThese are private companies that build for leasing, renting, sale or own occupation. The central government only exercises a limited amount of control over their operations (e.g. prep controls for proposed development). The private sector clients for the construction industry are many and may be classified as followsMulti-national companies (e.g. Ford, Cadburys. ICI and Esso) who construct factories, production plants, blank spaces and distribution depots for their own use.National companies (e.g. Tesco, Sainsburys and Woolworths) who construct buildings for their ow n use in reposition and retail.Local property development companies, who construct offices, factories, shops and houses speculatively for hire, lease or sale.Private clients, who construct newly buildings, or extent, refurbish or repair the existing building for own occupation, letting, leasing or sale.B. Consultant office (The Design Team)All the developing design stage it is imperative that architectural design and details are well integrated with those of geomorphologic, mechanical and electrical engineers. The architect as the design team leader is responsible for design integration. And all the design team members are playing the important role during the design stage.B1.The clothes designerTraditionally, the design function in the construction process is the responsibility of an architect who is a professionally satisfactory person whose role is to interpret the clients project requirements into a specific design or scheme. Design is taken to include appearance composition , proportion, structure, function and economy of product, but in addition the architect performs the function of obtaining planning permission for the scheme. In most times, too, the architect supervises and organizes the entire construction process, starting with consulting with the client and ending with commissioning. As an established practice, the architect plays the leading role in the construction process. He or she collects, coordinates, controls and disseminates project data to all project participants. As a project team leader, the architect performs various functions in all stages of construction process, which includesAscertaining, interpreting and formulating the clients requirement into an understandable project brief.Designing a building to meet the clients requirement and constraints imposed by such factors as statutory obligations, technical feasibility, environmental standards, site conditions and cost.Bringing together a team of construction professionals such as the quantity surveyor, structural engineer and service engineer to give expert guidance on specific points of the clients construction project.Assessing clients cost limit and timescale, and specifying the type and alumna of materials/components for use on the construction project.Preparing production information for pricing and construction and inviting tenders from building contractors.Supervising the construction on sire, constantly keeping client informed of the projects progress and issuing production instructions as and when required.Keeping the client informed of the status of the projects cost and advising ion when payment should be made or withheld.Advising on the conduct of the project generally and resolving all contractual disputes surrounded by client and the building contractor. outcome the certificate of completion, the certificate of making good defects and the net certificate for payment.Generally, the architect acts as an agent for all purposes relating to de signing, obtaining tenders for and superintending the construction work for whish he or she has been commissioned. To be able to perform above function efficiently, the architect must process, among other things, the attributes of foresight, an understanding of construction materials, communicating and coordinating abilities, essential design skills and an capability to design within a set budget.B2. EngineersB2a. The Structural EngineerThe structural engineer acts as an adviser to the architect on all structural problems such as stability of the structure, suitability of materials proposed, structural feasibility of the proposed design and sizes of structural members for a construction project. Normally, the structural design engineer submits his/her various structural calculations to the area local authority for approval at the same time as the architect submits his/her drawings for building regulations approval. In addition, the structural engineer performs structural design an d supervises his or her specialist area of the construction project during production on site.B2b. The Services EngineersLike the structural engineer, the work engineers (plumbing, electrical, heating and ventilating, air conditioning, sanitation, lifts and escalators and so on) contribute to the building design process to ensure that thermal and visual comfort are achieved effectively. For this reason, they analyze the clients requirement and priorities and advise the architect on the most appropriate design solution. They prepare diagrams of their proposals or function layout of the proposed construction project on the separate drawings and the architect includes these in the tender drawings sent out to contractors for competitive bidding. Once the services engineers have made their contributions to the design, they ensure that their contributions have been correctly interpreted, installed and commissioned. Where services engineers design layout causes any structural problems, t he advice of the structural engineer is sought. There is also a need for the architect to coordinate the route of pipes, cables and ducts for various services on the project.The duties and responsibilities of the structural and services engineer include the followingProviding specialist advice and swear outing in the design of the construction project within the scope of their respective specialist field.Producing calculations or other relevant data to assist in the design, cost planning, and the assessment of suitability of materials/components and the like.Supervising their respective specialist fields of the project and modifying or redesigning work whenever required.B3. The Quantity SurveyorThe quantity surveyor is responsible for the study of the economies and financial implications of a construction project and, hence, he or she would be the appropriate construction professional to advise client/architect on matters relating to the economies and cost of a proposed constructio n project. Traditionally, quantity surveyors organize themselves into small practices however, many are now to be nominate in contracting and client organizations. Those in private practice are mostly chosen and establish by clients on the recommendation of an architect.As cost is one of the deciding factors in most construction projects, the quantity surveyor is brought in at the earliest opportunity to advise the client or architect on the cost of various schemes proposed. The quantity surveyor is also able to perform several functions on construction projects, and these may be summarized as followsPreparation of preliminary cost advice and approximate estimating.Preparation of cost plan and carrying out cost studies (investment appraisal, life cycle costing and the like).Preparation of contract documentation for contractor selection and construction project administration.Evaluation of contractors tenders received with documentations for acceptance or rejection.Preparation of c ash flow forecasts and institution of post-contract cost monitoring/reporting mechanisms.Valuation of variations that arise as the works proceed and preparation of interim valuations at regular intervals.Preparation of periodic cost report for the architect or client.Preparation and agreement of final account with the contractor.Evaluation and settlement of contractors claim for direct loss and/or expenses.Settlement of contractual disputes.C. The contractorThe production aspects of construction projects are undertaken by building contractors who are essentially commercial companies that contract to construct development projects. Although many major contracting establishments are able to undertake both design and production work, their primary function is to build and to organize their considerable resources basically as a manufacturing organization.Duties and responsibilities of the contractor approach upon invitation to tender and include the followingCarrying out a full site in vestigation prior to meekness of tender to ensure that the bid includes all the cost of contractual risks and problems.Submitting priced bills of quantities for examination and/or correction of any errors when required by the architect.Planning and programming the works and reprogramming thereafter whenever unforeseen events frustrate the program.Controlling directly employed operatives, sub-contractors, suppliers, materials and plant for the execution of the project to programme and cost.Coordinating efforts of all operatives and ensuring that the completed works harmonize with the contract specification and are also to the satisfaction of the architect.Notifying the architect of information requirements, delays to the construction programme, discrepancy between contract documents, direct loss and/or expense sustained and so on.Paying the wages of directly employed operatives, sub-contractors and suppliers in time to avoid conflicts over payment.Supplying all the information requ ired by the clients professional advisers for the proper administration of the works.Taking steps to carry out the contractors obligations to rectify all defects on completion of the works.Providing post-occupancy repair and maintenance service if so required by the client.