Expansion Opportunities Abroad Essay Example for Free

Expansion Opportunities Abroad screenWith the proposed expansion of CPI in another(prenominal) countries like Brazil and the some European states, we need to learn three things 1) the market share of heavyweight corporations in the same business, 2) the high societys capital sizing, and 3) the cost pushover of the products to be sold (in those countries). While all these factors are of salience in the companys operations, it is assumed that the relative complexity of the market is an avenue of uncertainty. Other factors like political stability whitethorn influence considerably the companys operations as much as the presence of giant corporations in the business. The presence of giant corporations in the same business can be staved-off by backing commercial offices in places that are without the presence of these corporations. For example, if giant corporations are well concentrated in a particular city, the company should establish subsidiaries in semi-urban areas. This would stave off competition as well as maximizing the limited consumer base (semi-urban areas have a considerable consumer size). The companys capital size should also be considered.Capital provides a firm the working materials to produce goods and services to the public. Capital and assiduity make up the so-called inputs of production of a firm. Therefore, if the company is going to expand overseas, it must initiative negotiate on the volume of capital that is needed for expansion (and of course, the associated assay). In this case, 5 to 20 % of the companys capital will be used for expansion. This is a fair evaluation of risks involved in the venture as well as the proposed distribution of capital in host countries.The real paradox though lies in determining the price elasticities of products to be sold in the market. Although the company fared well by concentrating its sale to regional places, this would not be the same when it goes international. Price elasticities generally become stable and more or less inflexible once prices also become inflexible. The implication those companies with large capital bases will tend to work those with small capital bases will either merge to survive or exit in the market. take down if the company set-up subsidiaries in semi-urban places to prevent competition, there is no assurance of success. Below we shall discuss nature and comment of price elasticities. There are two primary types of elasticities price elasticity of film and price elasticity of supply. Here we are concerned only with the former since the companys expansion abroad depends on the sensitivity of consumer demand to price changes. Price elasticity is defined as the measure of responsiveness of a factor or variable to another factor or variable (Buchholz, 1996).Price elasticity of demand is defined as the measure of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price, all other things held constant (ceteris paribus) (Price Elasticity of expect , 2007). General relations of price elasticity of demand If PED 1 then collect is Price Elastic If PED = 1 then Demand is Unit Elastic (equal response) If PED 1 then Demand is Price Inelastic In the case of products manufactured by CPI, specifically Super lave, it generally experiences the tercet relation.If Super Clean raises the prices of its product by 5%, percentage change in quantity demanded would be less. The implication by setting subsidiaries in places where there is the minimal presence of giant corporations, Super Clean would be able to control minimally the prices of its product due perhaps to the relative inflexibility of consumer demand. This would maximize profit. Even if giant corporations enter, revenues would tend to be stable because consumer demand is stable. This would generally reduce the overall risk of the company.

Website Design Report

Website Design write upAce Fancy define Website Design ReportMy website is c every last(predicate)ed Ace day-dream Dress. The specific purpose of ace fancy dress website is roughly selling products all over the UK and as well as to provide rental costumes. besides, the purpose of the website is to be eye-catching, colourful, recognisable, and bunsdid and to discover the high grapheme products. It result show the customers the new exclusive products. The business itself runs completely online. By not having a physical store where customers piece of tail come in and view the products we baffle huge savings and we pass these savings straight onto the customer ensuring very low prices. Also to provide high quality products for the some(prenominal) gender and delivered the products they strike bought on time. The website should excessively advertise the business branches and their occasional special digests.The hindquarters auditory sense for the websiteThe ace fancy dr ess provoke be aimed at all ages and genders with a physique of costumes available in all surfaces. The target audience for the website leave alone largely be aimed at the teenagers 13-19 of all genders as they are the target audience that I think would be more(prenominal) attracted to than the adult or a young person would.Nature of interactivity I volition need online transaction on my website as the website pull up stakes be selling products as this is the purpose of the website. To make the transactions as efficient as possible I go away make sure the online transactions ordain be safe and sure for them to enter their card details into and also it willing look very professional so the website can sell the products successfully. However PayPal will be another option for the customers to make their payments so this will augment the level of trust and confidences to the customers to the website, the debaucheder and smoother transaction, the higher the chance of custom ers returning to the business. Also, the online transactions pageboy will be nicely structured layout on the website which will look more amazing and it will be very easy for the customers to make transactions on the website.However, on that point is also a decision of placid versus dynamic website. A static website contains web pages with fixed content. Each page is coded in HTML and displays the aforementioned(prenominal) information to every visitor. Static websites are the cheapest to develop and host. A dynamic website contains web pages that are generated in the real time. A dynamic website can be more expensive to develop initially nevertheless it is much easier to update and much more functional and also new content which could bring large number back to the site and economic aids in the search engine. at that place is a high chance that the ace fancy dress will be a static website as the cost is generally lower up front then a dynamic website.In order to for the we bsite to meet the client and engrossr needs, I will concur to include all the criteria to meet the client needs and user needs. So I will make it easier for the client to access certain parts on the website to meet their needs by adding hyperlinks, pictures titles.Images To meet the user needs the website will be basic and will be very simple to use. Also, I will be adding elements of interactivity in the form of images slide in images etc. This will make the website easier for the users to use as they will be able to find information easier. I will also include images next to the written content that relates to the content. For example, when I will talk about each character and each product I will include a picture next to the content. However, if I was allowed to change users to customise my website to their needs then I would allow them to change the layout/change the background etc. of the website in order to suit the client needs.Level of security I will set a inviolable word on the website so no one can access the website in editor agency and delete or copy the customers details. For the security reason, I will choose a long password with capital letters and number to make it more secure and hard for the hackers or anyone to crack.Support Clients very much have questions or concerns about the websites. The website will have a support page. In the support page, the customers can talk to us through the chat or can call us right away. If customers utilise us a call we will be more than happy to pick up the prognosticate and deal with any enquiries they have whether it be sale enquiries, pricing problems or simple to ask for an advice on a costume. However, the website will also have an email so customers can email us with any questions. By doing this the website will increase customers satisfaction by providing better service.Costs Every website needs to be hosted on a web server. I dont have to pay anything for it as there are shrive options a vailable via Google. However, every website needs a theatre name. So the website is likely to have a domain name as this is that needs to be typed into the address pothouse to gain access to the site. For the website, I will go for the cheapest option .co.uk which is 3 a year or I can go for the more popular .com domain costs as much as 10 a year.http//webdesign.expertmarket.co.uk/how-much-does-website-costcVisibility on search engines at that place are actually dozens of search engines but the most frequently utilize one is Google, Yahoo and Bing. I will make sure the website easily comes on the search engines. It is beta for the customers that they can find us on google quickly when they type ace fancy dress. The website will be registering on Google my business which can help to appear the website in relevant search results. Also, the website will have content that matches the keywords on the website and have bolded keywords that match the products descriptions/theme on the page. By doing this customer wont have any problem to find us on.Website DevelopmentDelivery TimescaleInitial Concept/Client Report16/01/2017Research Report on Website review, ease of use, soaring, disability discrimination, delivery of content30/01/2017Website premier release30/01/2017Review/Report on tools used to create website30/01/2017Website Testing27/02/2017User Acceptance- Demonstrate website meets defined requirements06/03/2017Appropriateness of artistic creation I will be using confiscate graphics like picture related to the costumes. I would not use any graphics that is not serving any purpose at all because some users may become annoyed at the unneeded use of graphics. I will not be using any in portion graphics as it wont attract the customers.Complexity of site The website would be very easy and simple to use with the tabs that link to each section and products and hyperlinks test that will take the customers to the sections and products making it easy to move abo ut on my website and findings the information searched.Delivery of content All the content I will produce will be to achieve the criteria to meet the needs of the ace fancy dress website.The information will be stored on the website to allow the client to access the data and all the information on the website will be unaccented and simple to read.Accessibility The websites will be designed to meet the accessibility guidelines which will be devised by the Royal national Institute of blind people (RNIB). The website content will be clear and easily understood. The website will have different kind of features like skip navigation links to help the reader and they keyboard users the website will create skip navigation links which will allow them to jump straightway to the main contain, the website will also provide correctly structures and well title headings. Also, there will be text transcripts which will make the audio information more accessible for the people who are desensitise or hard of hearing.I will make sure the website is very clean, professional, and simple and convey the companys image. The navigation will be straight forwards and make it easy for the visitors to find the information they are pursuance with one or two clicks. The content will speak directly to the target audience. I will make sure that there is enough information about each section and costumes. Also, each page of the website will be optimised and set up in a way that makes it easy for the search engines to overhear the information. The website will be easily accessible for target audience as the costumes are available for both adults and teenagers. This means the website will be a lot easy for the customers to find what they indispensability. The website will be secure, appropriate and safe for the customers so that they can easily pay for the products.(Maximum of 8 pages and a maximum of 3 submarine levels)Here is my design storyboard to illustrate the preferred design for t he website I have provided a sample of 8 pages. This design shows a roughly idea about each pages.HomepageThis is a sample of the homepage. Along the crystallize five are the buttons to the different sections of the website. On top left hand side of the website there will be a company logo and search engine and also slide shows made to shows quick update of the website and what is happening along with the recent offers, sales etc. to attract and engage the audience. On the butt end there will be 3 boxes and will show the security of the website, the type of payments the website accepts and where can the audience find us.Adult PageThis is a sample of the adult page. All the pages will follow the same layout as the other page with the navigation bat on the top of the page and also the bar below the negation bar. In this page there will be a brief description explaining the page. As you can jut out in the screenshot there will be 3 small options bar where the audience can click on M en to show the costumes of the mens or click on Women to show the costumes of the womens. Also the customers can pick what themes, size they want.Teens PageThis is a sample of the teens page. As I said sooner the layout of the all pages will be the same. So for the layout for this page will be the same. In this page there will be a brief description explaining the page. As you can call for in the screenshot there will be 3 small options bar where the customers can click on Boys to show the costumes of the boys or click on Girls to show the costumes of the girls. Also the customers can pick what themes, size they want. When they have picked what they want to see the costumes will appear according to the chosen options.Sales OffersThis is a sample page of the sales and offer page. In this page there will be a brief description explaining the sales and offers.As you can see in the screenshot. When the users will click on the costumes it will take them to this page. This page will al low the users to see the costumes images more visibly and accurately and also they can see different angles of the customers. side by side(p) to the costumes there will be a name , price , size , colour and also a description of the costumes. If the users want to buy the customer all they need to do is pick the right size and what colour they want and they just need to click on append to basket or they can save the item for later by just clicking on Save for laterThis screenshot shows how the buying go will be . As you can see in the screenshot when the users will click on Add to basket it will automatically go to the basket. They can just click on the basket and it will appear the costumes they have added. By just clicking on the checkout they can go to the paying proccsess. The hoop summary page will also show the image , name , price of the costumes. There is also delivery options so customers can pick how fast they want it to be dleiveried and also how do they want to pay.Thi s is a sample of about us page . The about us page will be about the ace fancy dress and why choose the ace fancy dress? There will be information about other stores and also there will be a map showing how far the stores are.This is a sample of contact us page. As you can see in the screenshot in this page there will be lot of information about the website. There will be different options to contacting to us so the customers can easily contact to us by choosing any of the options.

Participants in Construction Projects

Participants in body structure ProjectsA expression forge is a line under taken in the achievement of bend products. The term project in this context is being used for the hail use from inception to commissioning and occupation, involving an agreed and planned objective and total input of specialist participants and their interrelationships. It is a temporary non-recurrent activity that is started, implemented, evaluated and terminated. This activity is undertaken in response to demand (direct, derived, individual or collective) for face activity. Moreover, the activity is complex and, hence, necessitates the input of large numbers of participants with different disciplines to carry prohibited the separate but coordinated dutys of design, calculateing, following, pricing, and take. The participants who ar engaged to work on the project argon mainly unaccustomed to working with from each one other and, hence, projects activity imposes a special demand on team creat e and motivation. In addition, both participant should be made aware of either the governing conditions, objectives, responsibilities, relationship and basic parameters of the formula project.Construction projects vary considerably in size and complexity. Moreover, generall(a)y complex projects tend to be large get along of service element. This complexity poses major problems of bounded rationality, risks and uncertainty.Project ParticipantsThe participants to wind project procurement are the lymph gland (who is the initiator), the multi-disciplinary attainion consultants (who act as the lymph glands professional dismissrs) and the building contractor (who constructs the building).Together, this group of participants takes on and manages sequence of unmistakable but unrelated activities of the construction process from beginning to the end. A construction project, to all intents and purposes, is the production of groovy goods and, like every other capital investment, in volves careful intend and decision making.Construction projects generally are complex and composed of many activities. It is this complexity that calls for the input proposals of causations, contractors, suppliers and statutory authorities for their production. Although thee procurement method select whitethorn vary the relationship of the participants, thither will always be a proposer (client), designer (architect/engineer), construction team (builder), statutory authorities (gas, electricity, fire and water) and demesne local authority.A. The ClientThe client is the anchor to the whole construction production process from inception to completion and at times to post-occupancy maintenance. Without the client there would be no construction project. Construction industry clients either identify user potential or create the need for the facilities and raise the necessary financial resources for their creation. They initiate the construction process by commissioning various const ruction professional to build to specific requirement.During the design and construction phases, the client without delay or in flat monitors progress, time, constitute, and quality objectives and sanctions any necessary major variations to the design. Finally, on completion, it is the client who either disposes of the product at the marketplace or takes occupation and bears the repairs and maintenance cost of his/her investment. Therefore, the construction industry looks to many clients for work and, generally, these may be classified as public sector clients or clients from the private sector.A1. Public sector clientThese are public authorities whose operations are governed generally by Acts of Parliament. They act as agents for the rally government who exercise control over their capital building programmes and expenditure. The key public sector clients for the UK construction industry areCentral government department, who are accountable for their induce programme of cons truction on projects.Local authorities, who are responsible for the provision of housing, school, libraries, swimming pool, halls, sports centers and the like.Some health authorities, which are responsible for infirmary buildings.Public corporations (e.g. British Rail and Air Transport boards), who are responsible for the provision of buildings and other construction products for their own use.A2. Private sector clientThese are private companies that build for leasing, renting, sale or own occupation. The central government only exercises a limited amount of control over their operations (e.g. prep controls for proposed development). The private sector clients for the construction industry are many and may be classified as followsMulti-national companies (e.g. Ford, Cadburys. ICI and Esso) who construct factories, production plants, blank spaces and distribution depots for their own use.National companies (e.g. Tesco, Sainsburys and Woolworths) who construct buildings for their ow n use in reposition and retail.Local property development companies, who construct offices, factories, shops and houses speculatively for hire, lease or sale.Private clients, who construct newly buildings, or extent, refurbish or repair the existing building for own occupation, letting, leasing or sale.B. Consultant office (The Design Team)All the developing design stage it is imperative that architectural design and details are well integrated with those of geomorphologic, mechanical and electrical engineers. The architect as the design team leader is responsible for design integration. And all the design team members are playing the important role during the design stage.B1.The clothes designerTraditionally, the design function in the construction process is the responsibility of an architect who is a professionally satisfactory person whose role is to interpret the clients project requirements into a specific design or scheme. Design is taken to include appearance composition , proportion, structure, function and economy of product, but in addition the architect performs the function of obtaining planning permission for the scheme. In most times, too, the architect supervises and organizes the entire construction process, starting with consulting with the client and ending with commissioning. As an established practice, the architect plays the leading role in the construction process. He or she collects, coordinates, controls and disseminates project data to all project participants. As a project team leader, the architect performs various functions in all stages of construction process, which includesAscertaining, interpreting and formulating the clients requirement into an understandable project brief.Designing a building to meet the clients requirement and constraints imposed by such factors as statutory obligations, technical feasibility, environmental standards, site conditions and cost.Bringing together a team of construction professionals such as the quantity surveyor, structural engineer and service engineer to give expert guidance on specific points of the clients construction project.Assessing clients cost limit and timescale, and specifying the type and alumna of materials/components for use on the construction project.Preparing production information for pricing and construction and inviting tenders from building contractors.Supervising the construction on sire, constantly keeping client informed of the projects progress and issuing production instructions as and when required.Keeping the client informed of the status of the projects cost and advising ion when payment should be made or withheld.Advising on the conduct of the project generally and resolving all contractual disputes surrounded by client and the building contractor. outcome the certificate of completion, the certificate of making good defects and the net certificate for payment.Generally, the architect acts as an agent for all purposes relating to de signing, obtaining tenders for and superintending the construction work for whish he or she has been commissioned. To be able to perform above function efficiently, the architect must process, among other things, the attributes of foresight, an understanding of construction materials, communicating and coordinating abilities, essential design skills and an capability to design within a set budget.B2. EngineersB2a. The Structural EngineerThe structural engineer acts as an adviser to the architect on all structural problems such as stability of the structure, suitability of materials proposed, structural feasibility of the proposed design and sizes of structural members for a construction project. Normally, the structural design engineer submits his/her various structural calculations to the area local authority for approval at the same time as the architect submits his/her drawings for building regulations approval. In addition, the structural engineer performs structural design an d supervises his or her specialist area of the construction project during production on site.B2b. The Services EngineersLike the structural engineer, the work engineers (plumbing, electrical, heating and ventilating, air conditioning, sanitation, lifts and escalators and so on) contribute to the building design process to ensure that thermal and visual comfort are achieved effectively. For this reason, they analyze the clients requirement and priorities and advise the architect on the most appropriate design solution. They prepare diagrams of their proposals or function layout of the proposed construction project on the separate drawings and the architect includes these in the tender drawings sent out to contractors for competitive bidding. Once the services engineers have made their contributions to the design, they ensure that their contributions have been correctly interpreted, installed and commissioned. Where services engineers design layout causes any structural problems, t he advice of the structural engineer is sought. There is also a need for the architect to coordinate the route of pipes, cables and ducts for various services on the project.The duties and responsibilities of the structural and services engineer include the followingProviding specialist advice and swear outing in the design of the construction project within the scope of their respective specialist field.Producing calculations or other relevant data to assist in the design, cost planning, and the assessment of suitability of materials/components and the like.Supervising their respective specialist fields of the project and modifying or redesigning work whenever required.B3. The Quantity SurveyorThe quantity surveyor is responsible for the study of the economies and financial implications of a construction project and, hence, he or she would be the appropriate construction professional to advise client/architect on matters relating to the economies and cost of a proposed constructio n project. Traditionally, quantity surveyors organize themselves into small practices however, many are now to be nominate in contracting and client organizations. Those in private practice are mostly chosen and establish by clients on the recommendation of an architect.As cost is one of the deciding factors in most construction projects, the quantity surveyor is brought in at the earliest opportunity to advise the client or architect on the cost of various schemes proposed. The quantity surveyor is also able to perform several functions on construction projects, and these may be summarized as followsPreparation of preliminary cost advice and approximate estimating.Preparation of cost plan and carrying out cost studies (investment appraisal, life cycle costing and the like).Preparation of contract documentation for contractor selection and construction project administration.Evaluation of contractors tenders received with documentations for acceptance or rejection.Preparation of c ash flow forecasts and institution of post-contract cost monitoring/reporting mechanisms.Valuation of variations that arise as the works proceed and preparation of interim valuations at regular intervals.Preparation of periodic cost report for the architect or client.Preparation and agreement of final account with the contractor.Evaluation and settlement of contractors claim for direct loss and/or expenses.Settlement of contractual disputes.C. The contractorThe production aspects of construction projects are undertaken by building contractors who are essentially commercial companies that contract to construct development projects. Although many major contracting establishments are able to undertake both design and production work, their primary function is to build and to organize their considerable resources basically as a manufacturing organization.Duties and responsibilities of the contractor approach upon invitation to tender and include the followingCarrying out a full site in vestigation prior to meekness of tender to ensure that the bid includes all the cost of contractual risks and problems.Submitting priced bills of quantities for examination and/or correction of any errors when required by the architect.Planning and programming the works and reprogramming thereafter whenever unforeseen events frustrate the program.Controlling directly employed operatives, sub-contractors, suppliers, materials and plant for the execution of the project to programme and cost.Coordinating efforts of all operatives and ensuring that the completed works harmonize with the contract specification and are also to the satisfaction of the architect.Notifying the architect of information requirements, delays to the construction programme, discrepancy between contract documents, direct loss and/or expense sustained and so on.Paying the wages of directly employed operatives, sub-contractors and suppliers in time to avoid conflicts over payment.Supplying all the information requ ired by the clients professional advisers for the proper administration of the works.Taking steps to carry out the contractors obligations to rectify all defects on completion of the works.Providing post-occupancy repair and maintenance service if so required by the client.

Impact of Population Growth on Environment

Impact of Population Growth on purlieuThesis Statement The negative impact of increasing population pressure upon surroundings may be at least partially improved by relocating quite a little.IntroductionThe intimate relationship of geography and environment helps us to comprehend many salient features of hi story and the changes that occurred from generation to generation. A greater appreciation for environment may stem from deeper understanding of humanity in their complex aspects constituting biography, work and play. Political economy may be understood as a union of agriculture with the different social, economic and political aspects of our existence. (Castree et al, reservation Sense of Environmental Geography)The sustainability of the primer coats resources is being put to the severest test at the present bite when 7 billion people crowd the planet with excessive concentrations in some argonas like Kolkata. On the opposite hand, some locations like Canada and Australi a have a very low population density. Several other countries like Iceland and Bhutan have fewer people. The frozen wastes of the Arctic and Antarctic regions have no inhabitants only because conditions are not conducive to a normal existence. (Eaton, On the Farm and in the Field)While we cannot survive in difficult conditions of the earth, science dreams of colonizing other planets like Mars as an alternative to the earthly existence.What could be the causes of much(prenominal) a mismatch? Is it only an oddity of history or are pressing economic, social, religious or political factors behind such a divide. Are there any solutions like bringing about a global balance not only in population density but resources, exemplification of living, food, health and economic resources?The Kolkata Scenario THE LAST TABOOIn 2009, the world consumed the resources that would have belonged to 1.35 earths. United Nations believes that stability to the earths population would arrive in 2050 with 9 .1 billion people. Strangely enough, the earth population was 3.3 billion in 1965. Of the 157 added to the world population every minute, only 4 are in the developed countries with 153 in the loath regions.Eastern India is home to 300 million or the wide population of USA. Excessive population and purpose problems are most severe in India. Hard to believe but in India, 17 part of the global human population occupy 2.5 percent of the land resources.If the case of Kolkata is contrasted with America, it is a strange story of statistics beyond belief. The per capita consumption and income levels are at different ends of the spectrum. If people in Kolkata can survive on a dollar a day, Americans earn several dollars in a single hour. The absolutely unequalised distribution of opportunities, wealth, education, health and lifestyle has been the topic of much heated debate. Is there a philosophical foundation behind it? Why do people say that the world is almost equally divided a mids t the haves and have-nots?How does Population impact Environment?It would be appropriate to commence with agricultural practice that sustains us in the first place and also includes the highest number of workers, both human and animal though more than of mechanized farming is nowadays visible. Agriculture impacts the environment by releasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, methane too. Agriculture changes the land and leads to deforestation and a desert like condition. Climate change results from global warm and rising carbon dioxide levels and impacts agriculture positively and negatively.Irrigation reduces underground water levels. Over-irrigation may lead to water pollution. untaught chemicals soon uprise into pollutants through misuse. The s embrocate is degraded and plastics do further damage to the already sparse environment.Technology upon which the majority of urban lives depend has succeeded in creating an artificial order at the expense of a natural disorder. Metals and plastics are the chief pollutants besides industrial wastes dumped into river ways. The use of petroleum products only painfully reminds that oil reserves are finite and would exhaust sooner rather than later. The search for renewable sources of energy is neer ending.Nuclear power has its dangers of radiation that enters living tissues and causes devastation. Fishing is depleting rivers and oceans besides the loss of ecological habitats due to esurient over ambitious entrepreneurs. Nanotechnology, paint and paper in spite of their tremendous benefits are harmful in diverse ways.Causes for Human Migration and RelocationPolitical and linguistic domination seems to be the heart of large musical scale movement of people. Stalin deported 1.5 million political enemies toSiberiaand theCentral Asianrepublics after the Second World War. Mussolinis establishment in Italy compel the minorities to adopt the national language and ethos. They wished to obliterate remnants of any race besides their own. All through put down history we come across large scale movement of people based on religious, racial or political grounds. What can explain this large scale exodus? And what are the possible causes of banishment and exile?Like the ongoing Syrian war crisis, war affects the peaceful lives of people and thousands suddenly turn refugees when they are compelled to cross international borders to escape atrocities or to enter refugee camps to have their basic needs fulfilled.The air division and Independence of India in 1947 created two states along religious lines. The two religions Hinduism and Islam migrated across vast territories in the midst of violence, many having lost possessions and property.Political and religious enmity seems to make sense. Genocide or the destruction of an entire race that is considered inferior is what Hitler attempted during the Second World War.Migration and relocation for the sake of a better life with greater i ncomes, peace and prosperity attracts lakhs of people across dangerous illegal journeys each year. Many never make it in the process called human smuggling, a well run business across the globe. later the internal Bhutanese dispute with the Nepalis settled in the southern border of Bhutan, large scale evictions of Nepalis took place. The displaced people landed in refugee camps in Nepal and India. Many of them got to eventually live and work in USA.The most travel country America isolated the native people in selected areas or reserves for unknown political reasons.CONCLUSIONHaving looked at the complex causes of history, environment, production and inequality, a possibility of leveling the human scenario to some semblance of justice may be achieved by relocating and transferring segments of populations. Something in the nature of adoption that is already practiced some widely like Russian exchange students living in American homes backward communities of Kolkata may be relocated to better off nations that suffer from population shortage. In spite of adjustment problems, people lead work and earn in the new lease of existence. Many such countries like Australia and Canada want more people. If people have migrated on religious and political grounds, such a movement on humanist grounds could change the face of history. Who would organize it? United Nations, perhaps with the backing of the rich countries.REFERENCESCastree, Noel et al. Introduction qualification sense of Environmental Geographyhttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/inside/10.1002/9781444305722.ch1/summaryEaton, Emily. On the Farm and in the Fieldhttp//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13563467.2011.542802.UvoJ9_mSy7Ade Sherbinin, Alex et al. POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENThttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792934/List of Environmental Problemshttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/lists-of-environmental-problems.htmlRand, Population and Environment (A Complex Relationship)http//www.rand.org/pubs/research _briefs/RB5045/index1.html

Uk Chocolate Market Analysis Marketing Plan Marketing Essay

Uk drinking coffee bean securities industry Analysis Marketing plan Marketing EssayUK coffee tree grocery is considered the 2nd largest nutrition market place amongst the EU by and by Germany, with an average consumption between 4kg to 10kg per head. Not only UK is among sterling(prenominal) hot coffee berry consumers in EU save in addition holds soaringest sh be on sales of confectionary market since 2003. Average annual growth rate in last few years in deep brown market show an increasing trend in volume sales arriver 4.83bn, and expected to reach up to 684,000 tons till end of 2010, outgrowth at rate of 2.4%.The changing consumer purchase patterns towards how harvestings atomic number 18 produced in footing of their impact on environment and health ar considered factors on which rising market growth of chocolate outpouringament be depending on. For this reason the confectionery and chocolate market has started struggling due to the lobby weed by proudschool-priced for you(p) alimentation, health conscious community. The complete chocolate market is thus sightly the recent trend for consumers beca expenditure of the increasing awargonness of the economic and environmental concerns meet cocoa reapingion. These changes are well monitored by market players whose response towards these changes is pellucid from entering of constitutive(a) companies into chocolate market and big ceremonious manufacturers investments in the processing of entire chocolates. Yet, although thoroughgoing chocolate markets expected to grow at exceptional growth rates, the sp here(predicate) of influence is still niche market when compared to the conventional and possess very little divide in the undecomposed chocolate market. Moreover, with the squeeze on disposable incomes, an increased focus on impairment, the purchase one get one free offers pull in been replaced with special price, multibuy and tour-pound shell deals.Continuous i nnovations in rival sectors such as biscuits and cakes etc are oblation tough ch bothenges for chocolate market. The outlook for the market still remains positive, that chocolate tell ons need strong effort in terms of providing customers with graduate(prenominal) value and level-headed crossways.The major players of cocoa in UK market competitiveness neck to neck in the battle of market share areCadbury Kraft, combined market share of most 40%, after Cadburys coup by Kraft.Mars, market share of 15% and turnover of more than 9.6 million poundsNestle Kitkat, market share of 20.4%Green Blacks, market share of around 5 % in conventional and more than 90% share in fundamental chocolate marketFor the information regarding the current trends in UK chocolate market , it is evident that the focus of communities are now towards healthy eating for which they now are conscious as of what ingredients are their products do up of. Thus if a company desires to enter chocolate mark et in such containing trends where customers take up full range of variety to choose from the safest route to choose go away be primitive chocolate market. This would be safer in that sense that as trends of people are shifting from only swordplay and enjoyment sustenance towards healthy safe food, soon it is expected that the conventional market leaders leave alone to a fault be converting existing eviscerates to organic and natural ingredients used products.Market Segmentation, stigmaing and postFor this section statistic info about consumer attitude towards chocolate in UK by age, sex, friendly grade etc is required. This data is operational in Keynote market research report to which there is no access from here. However , I have tried my scoop up to broadly describe the place share but still as per requirement of the instructor, detailed data figures are required.The organic chocolate market is considered amongst those hot opportunities which have been derive d by changing consumer trends and liking towards healthier and environmentally safer food items, specifically the focus on use of healthier and environmentally safer ingredients.Consumers driving growthAccording to a market research demand for organic food items including organic chocolate is spread across the social spectrum, including workers, pensioners, scholarly persons and people on benefits, and accounts for almost 33% of their total spending. For the purpose of our organic chocolate segment a signifi earth-closett portion of worker and student naval division forget be our main scrape market segment.descriptive DataFor radical chocolate market segment, as a spic-and-span entrant our im fall guy market would accommodate working class and students.The total population of UK is divided into following age group segmentsFor our organic chocolate segment, we would nates population ranging from year 10 to 44. This would account for almost 48% of the total population of UK , obviously the whole 48% go out not be part of our signal market as organic chocolate is a niche of conventional chocolate market, our working and student class leave behinding be covered in these age group description. So as an estimate organic chocolate demand can be expected from 40% of the 48% put population.Socio-demographic DescriptionThe segment aimed as target segment provide be people living in North West of England. This is so as we are initially introducing our product in test market covering NW of England only. Target customers exit be in age group of year 10 to around 44. Children below 10 are essentially not part of our target segment because it requires awareness to choose healthy food items for which reason children to a high uper place year 10 are selected. The age limit selected till 44 is for the reason that above this age group most people are suffering from heart and diabetic deceases thus for them at a later on stage diet or low sugar items shall be injectd.Target segment give be constituting of students and working class.Psychographic/behavioral DescriptionOur chosen segment is people with health conscious attitudes and preference towards safe and healthy food. This segment has awareness about environmental issues also and thus do not have wild fun loving lifestyle but a graceful lifestyle with healthy and enjoyable eating patterns.PositioningThe current segmentation in UK chocolate market described in view of a perceptual map is shown belowThus we go out be aligning our product in high quality depiction its healthy making nut that much high price. It will be positioned similar to take out tray shown above in figure but slice higher in quality.Product Specification and Branding dodging at that place are already few very popular organic chocolate taints in UK including Green and Blacks which holds a very significant share in organic chocolate market. Thus the introduction of our organic chocolate patsy needs some cu tting leap or competitive emolument over others. We will lead this difference with providing our organic chocolate lovers a variety of combinations and natural healthy flavors in our chocolate products. prime(prenominal) of all, our label choco naturals will be classified in triplet ranges targeting three pose of places with different usage style. extreme chocolate barsAfter dinner party mints itemsOrganic chocolate gift boxesThe basic composition and ingredients of all three variety of our brand will be almost same, i.e.Dark Chocolate duskiness bitter chocolate made from 70% organic cocoa solids, brown cane sugar, vanilla and soya lecithinSemisweet Chocolate- organic sugar, organic chocolate, organic cocoa butter, organic flavors, milk fat and soya lecithin neat Chocolate- no cocoa solids, but organic cocoa butter, sugar, vanilla and milkOn this basic organic composition of our brand the cutting edge would be its natural and healthy flavoring and combo mixing of light and dark chocolates. The conventional choco bars available in market have introduced all kind of variety including alligatored, wafers, biscuits etc, but as our brand is providing its customers with chocolate that is good for health also we will enhance their flavor and lust by mixing proceeds chunks in our brands and good cholesterol nuts i.e. almonds and walnuts. Moreover providing combo mixing of dark and white chocolate will deliver chocolate lovers predilection of two in one and with added receipts of health benefits of dark chocolate.Our products will be offered in following sizes and weightsOrganic chocolate barsInitially as we are introducing our brand in test market we will only go forth bars in 2 sizes i.e. 50g bar and 100g barAfter dinner mint itemsThese will be offered in round balls 100 g each to popular hotels and restaurants to serve their customers as after dinner items and will be provided with fruit chunks and combo variety explained aboveOrganic chocolate gift i temsFor our test market this will also be provided in two sizes i.e. 1 lb and 1 lb box packingAs the effectiveness of this brand of chocolate lies in it being healthier, close to nature and for those who have high concern for health and environment , we will have high focus of encase choco naturals_ chocolates in an environmentally friendly rappers which are biodegradable packaging and have zero waste components. Our three line of products will be properly labeled describing components and all details regarding calories, fats etc. As the brand has high insistence on being organic, the design of packaging of chocolates will show the making of chocolate from most natural and organic ingredients through its color and style creating a warm connection with those who love being close to nature, adding value for them.Developing Brand PersonalityAs an introductory brand it is one of the most important responsibilities of us to make our brand and portraying its strengths which meet all s tandards set by the market. These embroil the consistency in taste and quality delivered etc. When expatiateing brand identicalness consistent delivery of the value must match promises made to target customers. The logo, mark, substructure line, and look and feel as part of choco naturals personal identity will create a recognition in the reasons of our target customers and will make them remember choco naturals. As choco naturals_ chocolates are made from fully organic ingredients with an added combination of natural fruit chunks that enhance the product benefits, the logo will depict such closeness to nature, health and taste. Similarly the mark and theme line will deliver same identity of the product.Creating brand identity begins with having a clear idea of target customers. When a customer decides which brand they prefer to buy they have many considerations in mind including its price , quality, benefits but the final thing which eventually wins is the brands identity cre ated in the mind of the customer. This if carefully developed, as in our case that choco naturals chocolates reflects the attributes and preferences of its target customers will make choco naturals chocolate win over other conventional brands. choco naturals chocolates will be developed as a sophisticated brand which is aimed as providing taste with health.Pricing Strategy and PriceStrategy to optOf the many determine strategies, for choco naturals chocolates, four strategies are of value. These areCompetition based determineMarket oriented pricingPremium pricingPsychological pricingWe will chose a combination of market oriented and psychological pricing. Premium pricing could also be opted but as our target market also includes students and worker class, it might create a luxury brand find which might effect the closeness we want our brand to develop with target customers. Similarly competition based pricing method would have also been a very safe outline but for having an adde d value, we choose market oriented pricing which is based on analysis and research of target customers and on those prices if the effect of psychological pricing is also added it is expected to create more value for our products.Pricing bearingsPurpose of choosing this combination of pricing strategy is to provide such a price to the customers which is not besides high to loose connection from target customers and not too low that can portray the brand as a low standard brand. The objective is to set such a price that can portray our target customers the essence of the organic image our brand portrays i.e. natural. In terms of sales, this strategy for pricing is expected to create a healthy market share in organic chocolate market at a good pace and constant increase in level of sales and profit. The positioning of this brand will also support this pricing strategy.Recommended PriceOrganic Chocolate Bar100g 2.9550g 1.95After dinner mints Pack of 4 round balls 100g each for 6. 95Organic chocolate Gift boxes ( combo mix of dark white and multi flavored fruit chunks)1 lb 19.951 lb 29.95retail Distribution StrategyAs we are introducing 3 categories in organic chocolate brand, the distribution will to 3 different type of outlets. These areOrganic Chocolate bars Large super stores and coffee and tea leaf cafesAfter dinner mints Three to cinque star HotelsOrganic Chocolate gift boxes Large super storesAs initially we are introducing our brand in test market, choco naturals chocolate will be available in stores, cafes and hotels in north west of England mainly. The super stores which will sale our products includeSainburys super market Ltd, having 5 outlets in NEWTesco, having 9 outlets in NWEWoo Sand super market, having 1 outlet in NWEASDA Stores Ltd, having 6 stores in NWEWM Morrison supermarkets, having 6 stores in NWEThe discriminating Hotels in which we would initially supply our after dinner mints will be some three to five star hotels with good reputations so that association of our brand with such label can deliver positive impression of our brand to the segment of our target market visiting those hotels. These includeHoliday InnHard years Night HotelBeech Mount HotelFeathers HotelTrout Beck Inn HotelPark House HotelWe will be opting selective distribution strategy to make our products available to our target market. The product will not be massively available as we initially want to access response from test market and furthermore the sophistication of our product might get distracted if it gets available in each and every store. Thus at start selective supermarkets, hotels and cafes will offer our products to customers so that the brand may create its image with the wait on of the image of the places these are available at. Our products will not be available at web based distribution sources as it initially requires to develop a status in local market and then be available at global level.Integrated Marketing Commu nications StrategyThe integrated merchandise strategy we have planned for our product is impinging the market segment in North West in selective ways. We are not going for the guerilla marketing tactics because its high quality product and market is not very wide. We have to introduce the product and usually the products in the early stages of their Product life daily round need careful tactics for marketing and advertising because profit margins are lower therefore selective media should be used instead of utilise the short gun approach.The main objective behind our campaign is to introduce our product and its benefits along with creating brand identity. We will focus our attention in the initial var. of the campaign to create awareness about our product in the native market (North West of England). In this phase we will tell our customers about the value we will deliver.In the second phase of our campaign we will emphasize on promotion and advertisement of our brand. First ph ase would help us to identify again the interested segment so in the second phase we will scrutinize and invoke to our potential valuable customers.For promoting our brand we are not using all the tools of integrated marketing communication strategy which are advertising, sales promotions, say marketing, website and public relations). We are going to use only advertising, read marketing and we will create our website as well.For advertising we will select the print and electronic media for print media we will only advertise in better selling food journals and news-letters of Northwest. For electronic media we make a 45sec. advertisement. We will use celebrity endorsement in our advertisement. The celebrity we will use would be environmentalist and heads of NGOs promoting nature friendly products. We will air our ads on food based local channels for the middle aged women and men and unison and music based and entertainment channels for youngsters slots would be prime time. We wo uld go for cooperative advertisement.We will not go for sales promotions because its a high quality product and sales promotions would give a negative impact.For direct selling we will hire a team which would convince the customers. Our customers for after dinner mints would be owners of famous cafes and restaurants. In initial days we will use mall intercepts in large super stores and departmental stores pass organic products.Public relations is mostly done for service sector so it wont make any significant impact here but in later stages when there would be larger sales volume then we will introduce PR for our premium customers. In later stages we will also conduct seminars for creating awareness of organic food but in initial phase profit margins are too low.We would create a website for promotion but not for sale because customers are very conscious in trying a new product and for a product like chocolate it wont work at all. In maturation phase when customer response would be good we may go for online dealing.So in our IMC our focus in print media would be on chocolate bars, in electronic media it would be more on gift items. And in direct selling we would promote after dinner mints and gift items but the whole campaign would promote the brand.

Case Study of China Aviation Oil Corporation Ltd

Case Study of chinaw ar zephyr Oil tummy Ltd run a assay Management and Corporate GovernanceA Case Study of mainland China Aviation Oil Corporation Ltd.Backgroundintroduction to CAOChina Aviation Oil (Singapore) Corporation Ltd (CAO) is the Singapore subsidiary of China Aviation Oil. CAO was naturalised in 1993 and its main business were jet fuel (kerosene) purchase for Chinese airports and international occupation of fuels. CAO developed really fast and achieved 92% grocery store share of the procurement of imported jet fuel for Chinas civil air industry by 2001.However, it was so mingled in a king-size scandal which lead to its failure. In November 2004, CAO declared a total way out of $550 million and filed for bankruptcy.timeline of critical eventsQ1 2003 CAO enters into speculative option trades on vegetable oil monetary values with a bullish viewQ4 2003 CAO changed its strategy and started trading speculative option trades winning a bearish view.Oct 2004 intern ational oil legal injurys rose steeply, leaving CAO liner significant adjustment calls on its open (short) derivative positions.Nov 2004 in a press release CAO stated it was unable to meet some of the margin calls arising from speculative derivative trades. The total derivative injusticees amounted to $550m.Mar 2006 chief executive officer Mr. Chen Jiulin was arrested with the charge of insider trading, fined and sentenced to 51 months imprisonment.Literature Review option-based strategiesThere are two types of options call and put option. One can either grand or short the two options to slay profit (speculating) or justify risk(hedging) from price changes.In this case, CAO started its option trading in 2002 initially to confuse its jet fuel risk thorough. derivatives of futures and swaps. However, in the mid 2003, CAO started trading in speculative derivative options.hedgingA hedge is needed to reduce the risk from potential unfavorable swings in commodities. However, c onsidering the court and eudaimonia effect, a hedge is not always necessary. One needs to understand the risks to be hedged, evaluate the severity and timing of seeside risks properly, consider the financial instruments available and cost of certain instruments to determine the most cost-effective way to hedge.risk counselling and corporate government activity peril management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Risks can come from various sources including mutablety in financial grocerys, threats from project failures, legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters, or uncertain events, etc.The Board should establish appropriate guidelines for trading and ensured that they were consistent with the companys wakeless risk manage ment policies, management capabilities and expertise, and overall risk appetite and tolerance. ranking(prenominal) managers (including executive members of the board) should formulate the major policies and guidelines of an institution. There should be a breakup of duties between those who generate financial risks and those who manage and control these risks.AnalysisCAOs trading strategiesescalating betsAs mentioned above, the companys trading strategy changing from hedging risks in 2002 to meditation with bullish strategy (bought calls and sold puts)in Q1 2003, which proved to be an accurate prediction. However, CAO then took a bearish view of the trend in oil prices in the fourth quarter of 2003, and began to sell calls and buy puts, with the result that it was in a short position at the end of the quarter. As the assumption was that oil prices would fall, it was besides assumed that the counterparties would not extend the options, and these would therefore lapse to the benefit of the company. However, the price went further up contendd this time. The rise in oil prices resulted in the counterparties exercising the extendible features on options, and with the calls that were sold, the company faced the real risk of having to sell the contracted number of barrels at the strike price and realizing substantial loss.incorrect option military rating methodologyThe Special auditor from PwC assigned by SGX discovered that the company used the wrong MTM valuation method by ignoring the time value, which lead to the misestimation of oil price and the wrong speculation strategy. While CAO had the chance to remedy the mis assume by comparing the pricing with counterparties but the company met the margin calls without protest until it wooly-minded the financial capacity to do so at the end of kinfolk 2004.motivations behindFinancial the company developed fast and became monopoly in the market since 2000. In order to bolster its profile as well as boost investors c onfidence and generate more profit, the company was willing to take high risk.Political tally to exhibit 8, the year 2003 saw the irrupt of Gulf War. The company may want to take advantage of the war so that higher risk is acceptable as fuel is a critical resource during wars.Corporational the lack of risk management knowledge of the CEO, stingy management environment within the company and the inefficient external audit, as will be discussed in detail in the next section, further accelerated the fall of the big company.CAOs risk management and corporate governanceIn its 2003 annual report, CAO indicated that it had a formal system of rigorous inside controls over three layers. Meanwhile, other sources of control includes China Securities Regulatory relegating and External Audits. It seems that the company should have a stringent risk appetite.However, according to PwCs report, despite a continuing significant loss in 2004, in order to avoid recording and reporting losses, the company adopted a much larger risk exposure by selling unyieldingterm options with extremely high risk profiles to raise the premiums to cover the cost of closing out the lossmaking option contracts (Exhibit 1). So in effect, CAO coveredup the losses that were realized when closing out the lossmaking neardated options.Exhibit 1It was unclear why the companys directors did not question or object to this contravention of regulations. The Audit delegation did not carry out its function of identifying and monitoring the financial risks involved in options trading, and investigating whether the risk management framework and safeguards were sufficient for traffic with the business.Follow-up Development Restructuring outcomeIn response to the investigation results by PwC, CAO indicated in a press statement that it intended to form a committee to study the results and to recommend the company on specific healing(p) or disciplinary improvements. It also expressed the willingness to be mor e beneficial on past events and to move forward with the debt and equity restructuring exercise in a positive manner. The company then called for a creditor meeting to sanction its latest debt restructuring plan on June 8.As far as I am concerned, with the resources of the parent company, both from the aspects of finance and entrepreneurship, the support from Chinese government, and the instauration of a strict risk management framework, CAO can still gain back confidence from stakeholders, which may need time and effort.Conclusion faulty application of accounting principles, lack of oversight, inadequate knowledge of market and useless risk management systems for the speculative options deal were the major contributing factors towards CAOs failure. We should meditate a lesson from the case as factors are similar and equally relevant to different business contexts so it is important to avoid certain mistakes.ReferencesLi, S., Nadeem, M. (2010). Risk Management and Internal Con trol A case study of China Aviation Oil Corporation Ltd.Farhan. (2016, April 10). China Aviation Oil (Singapore) Corporation Limiteds Jet Fuel Scandal (2005) Casestudy. Retrieved January 15, 2017, from https//financetrainingcourse.com/education/2014/04/china-aviation-oil-singapore-corporation-limiteds-jet-fuel-scandal-2005-casestudy/Yeo, A. (2014). China Aviation(Singapore) Limited- Sliding down a Slippery Slope The $550m Derivative Trading Loss on November 2004.

Accounting Essays Tax Evasion Popularity

Accounting Essays impose Evasion Popularity revenue leak is a national pastime that is growing eer to a greater extent popular.Nick Montague defines measure assess revenue as the in head for the hills by which a civilised friendship performs that sometimes-uncivil projection of taking money from one group in order to intrust it to another. This definition highlights an important direct served by revenue enhancementes. As it is already known, that levyes ar a fiscal policy instrument used by the politics to achieve broad macro scotch goals. Generally speaking, valuatees are a means used by the government to provide its occupiers with amenities and facilities corresponding hospitals, guard and education. Thus, whatever shortage in revenue means that the people wouldnt be able to avail the benefits. From this perspective, as law-abiding citizens, it is imperative for people and corporations to present revenuees. Despite, this common knowledge, revenue enhanceme nt escape valve is prevalent in the society, even worse, various(prenominal)s and corporations go through great length to devise tactics of evading tax revenuees. The main apprehension why individuals and corporations quest after in tax evasion activities is that it augments the level of disposable income and profits respectively.Tax evasion is defined as the failure to fiddle tax liabilities by black action, such as not declaring income. gratis(p) to say tax evasion is a criminal offence. Prior to scratch line a discussion on tax evasion it would be substantial to briefly highlight that in the UK, tax administration is divided in the midst of both departments of state, the interior tax income and Customs and impinge on. The Inland Revenue administers Income Tax, gage Tax (on company profits), Capital Gains Tax, petroleum receipts (relating to oil geographic expedition and extraction in the UK and surrounding waters) and Stamp Duties (e.g. on land transactions). The levying of vat, tax on gambling and customs and excise duties is the responsibility of the Customs and Excise Department. In addition to these two revenue departments, local authorities levy the new Comm unity Charge (poll tax) and the Department of Social Security is obligated for national insurance contributions. Often tax evasion is confused with tax avoidance. According to Denis Healey, former UK Chancellor of the Exchequer The difference amid tax avoidance and tax evasion is the hickness of a prison wall.This paper result set to present an in depth analysis of why individuals/companies engage in tax evasion. It will also analyse whether the self-assessment ashes encourages or discourages tax evasion. And, finally the paper will conclude by evaluating the efforts make by the government to combat tax evasion.It must be highlighted that taxation is used for many other purposes than raising revenue. Some writers apply argued that the purpose of taxation apprize also be seen as an instrument of frugal and social policy to influence behaviour. In other words, it can and then be the intention of the tax that it is avoided. For example, it has been argued that higher taxes on alcoholic drinks (Cook and Moore, 1994, Irving and Sims, 1993) and tobacco (Viscusi, 1994) would reduce the enjoyment of those products and lead to progresss in the health of the population. In the UK, Inland Revenue has, traditionally, had a deferential approach towards income. With the introduction of self-assessment arrangement from 1996/7 there has been a movement a room from that stance in new years.Evasion of taxesTax evasion analysis typically assumes that evasion involves individual taxpayers responding to some given policies. However, evading taxes could require the collaboration of at least two taxpayers. Detection depends on the costly avoidance activities of both transacting partners. An increase in sanctions leads to a direct increase in the expected cost of a t ransaction in the illegal sector, but it may also increase the incentive for the partners to cooperate in avoiding detection. The total cost of transacting in the illegal sector can fall, and tax evasion may increase. Most countries tend to follow a progressive taxation system, more the income more tax would be levied. From this perspective it might appear that it is unfair for the government to levy more taxes on individuals/companies for generating more income for the economy and themselves. However, it must be a noted that in addition to boosting the economy, it is governments responsibility to think ab by scotch development and welfare of everyone. They turn in to balance economic growth and economic development. This concept has been debated and the viewpoint of un law of the tax system has led parties to douse them, in other words, discovering ways and means of not paying the dues to the government. seek studies conducted to find out the extent of the UK black market econom y guide that it has increased. The number of unincorporated business accounts and company accounts received annually by the Inland Revenue pull in increased from 2m to 2.25 million and from under 600,000 to intimately 700,000 respectively between 1984/85 and 1988/89 alone (Inland Revenue, 131st Annual Report, 1989).Surveys conducted by Brown, Levin, Rosa and Ulph (1984) concluded that around 5% of workers in Britain held two or more jobs and that the income tax lost from second job tax evasion probably amounted to around 1.1% of income tax receipts or 0.3% of national income. Their great deal excluded evasion by persons who confirm all one job (which includes rotund numbers of the self employed), Capital Gains Tax and VAT evasion, and evasion of tax by companies.In response to deterring people from engaging in tax evasion, Inland Revenue introduced the self-assessment system, very simply, is a way of working out and paying tax. As unavoidable by the Inland Revenue (IR), se lf-employed people, company directors, minister of religion are required to fill up the self-assessment form at the end of every tax year. Supporting documents are provided to make it easier for the people to fill up the form and submit it. With the cleansement in technology, IR offers business services for employers, individuals, contractors, companies and agents, option to fill up the forms online, which ensures automated tax calculation, quicker repayment, and online acknowledgement which is safe and secure. Thus, IR is removing any possibility of hassle and introducing the convenience situationor to make people observe with the tax requirements.Many initiatives build been taken to combat tax evasion. In the UK, for instance, attempts are being make to increase co-operation between the Inland Revenue and Customs and Excise. This has involved joint policy consultation and breakments in exchanging information. unrivaled limited initiative has been to set up a joint unit to provide a single source of information and advice for businesses facing fiscal difficulties and who wish to enter into voluntary arrangements.A step in this path has been that of the European Union Savings Directive. It aims to counter cross border tax evasion by collecting and exchanging information about foreign resident individuals receiving savings income outside their resident state. The Government believes that exchange of information between tax authorities is the best way to ensure that individuals pay the mature amount of tax on cross-border income from savings. The Government therefore supports the Directive, the ultimate aim of which is effective taxation by exchange of information.The above is a major step towards decreasing evasion of tax. The above highlights the importance of transparency in accounts and benefits of sharing information across the countries. Introducing VAT was also an attempt towards tax harmonisation and making it more difficult for companies to table tax. The recent scandals of Enron and Parmalat produce highlighted the importance of having transparency.VAT was introduced to combat cheating, smuggling and background tax evasion. The very(prenominal) principle was behind harmonising VAT in the EU one of the advantages was the hold in possibility for fraud in the supply chain. However, it was found that VAT system was used to systematically defraud tax administrations. Despite the efforts made to minimise tax evasion, fraudsters have detected the inherent weaknesses that exist in the controls exercised and have been exploiting those weaknesses for their own financial gain. It was found that with the introduction of the VAT and intrastate system, accord costs had been reduced by approximately two-thirds.It is a known fact that taxes in any form, whether direct or indirect, is a source of revenue for the government. Government tends to use tax money either from individuals or businesses to memory board various country d evelopment projects and work towards providing a better support condition to its citizens. While this is an idealistic picture about the motive of the government, in reality, people tend to evade taxes for many reasons. It has been a subject of never-ending debate to find out the best measure or foundation garment for taxation and the latest taxation system for indirect tax is the consumption base. It has been argued that it would more suitable to charge taxes based on the consumption made. VAT is the tax system which follows the above mentioned tax base. The purpose was not only to curb tax evasion but also be an effectual model for taxation. The European model of the VAT system has been applauded and adopted by many countries as it is a common belief that VAT system based on the European model provides least possible way of evading tax because it has a system of invoicing which helps in establishing an audit trail. Authors like Cnossen have listed the various advantages associ ated with the following the VAT system.Amongst other things, to ensure that tax evasion is minimised, the government needs to look into improving tax compliance. The following pointers were suggested to improve tax complianceTraining employees so that they have an understanding of the correct system of tax administration.thither should be better publicity about how the tax system works, the benefits derived from following with the tax system and how the IRS deals with abuses of the system.Making the procedure automatic to eliminate any possibility of reducing unscrupulous practice.Simplification and fairness is required because continuous changes and complexity in tax law have a negative effect on compliance. Also the law should be applied consistently.Organisational structure should be arranged so that taxpayers issues or problems can be resolved through a single point of contact. There is also a need for specialisation so that expertise of particular industries may be developed to improve dealings with taxpayers and there should be better customer service.Better and increased cooperation with state, local and foreign governments is required to trucking rig the problem.More assistance should be provided for small businesses to help them comply and increase their awareness levels.Coordination of compliance efforts would be required and incentives must be provided when people comply and penalties must be imposed when people evade taxes. A more organised approach to influence legislationA sense of responsibility must be inculcated in the people towards taxes. It is easier to tolerate something done when people take responsibility towards it.Inland Revenue faces problems to tackle the problem due to shortage in trained tax inspectors, reflecting the departments more general difficulty in recruiting and retaining staff. Research studies conducted in this area have indicated that people tend to move towards the private sector where pay and conditions are percei ved to be better. The department believes that the situation can only improve when there is more political commitment in Government to tackling evasion, support by the allocation of the necessary resources to pay inspectors competitive salaries.ConclusionIn summary it can be said that though steps have been take to minimise tax evasion yet it exists and continues to exist. Despite the efforts made towards curbing it, there will always be elements in the society who would come up with mechanisms to defeat the system. The challenge therefore lies in belongings up the efforts to minimise tax evasion. As individuals taxes must be salaried accurately and as corporations ethical business practices would ensure that illegal activities like tax evasion could be kept at bay. Thus in conclusion it can be said that even though tax evasion appears to be a national pastime that is growing ever popular, measures are being devised to combat it.BIBLIOGRAPHYMelville, A. Taxation Finance Act 2004, tenth Edition, (2004), Financial Times, Prentice Hall, LondonEl-Agraa, A.M., The European Union stintings and Policies, (2001), 6th Edition, Prentice Hall.Gwartney, J.D., Stroup, R.L., and Sobel, Russell, S. Economics Public and Private Choice, (2000), Ninth edition, Dryden PressJOURNALS AND ARTCILESAgha, A. and Haughton, J. (1996), intent VAT Systems Some Efficiency Considerations, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 78 (2) pp 303-308Joumard, I. (2001), Tax Systems in European Union Countries, OECD running(a) papers ECO/WKP(2001)27Nam, C.W., Parsche, R. and Schaden, B. (2001), Measurement of revalue Added Tax Evasion in Selected EU countries on the basis of case Accounts Data, CESInfo Working Papers 431.Ohsawa, Yoshiaki (2003), A Spatial tax harmonisation model, European Economic Review 47, pp 443-459Scabrosetti, S. (2002), Tax System and Reforms in Europe France, Societa Italiana di economica pubblica, Working papers 186/2002Shoup, C.S. (1957), Some distinguishing ch aracteristics of the British, French, and United States Public Finance System, American Economic Review, Vol. 47 (2) pp 187-197Verwaal, E. and Cnossen, S (2002), Europes new border taxes, JCMS Vol. 40 (2), pp 309-330Entrepreneurship and Growth Tax Issues, (2002) Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. OECD.Indirect Tax Treatment of Financial go and Instruments, (1998), Report of the OECD