Knowledge Invented Or Discovered Philosophy Essay

Knowledge Invented Or observe Philosophy Es positThe meaning and difference between Discovered and Invented is the archetypal familiarity issue that comes up after reading the title. How do we categorise something as being discovered or invented? Are both finesses discoveries or both discoveries inventions?The word discovered means to gain association or aw arness of something non kn sustain to begin with, whereas invent means to create or produce something that did not exist ahead.The aras of knowledge ar mathematics, natural sciences, humankind sciences, history, arts and ethics. But due to the word limit constraints, it is difficult to charter all(prenominal) areas of knowledge into account. So, I will take 2 areas of knowledge and discuss them.First lets take history into account. The past is fixed unchange qualified and absolutely certain. Nothing we preempt do can change it. Therefore, we ca-ca up history as the model for truth and certainty. BUT This is what we think. We do not take into account the bigger spot of this. How can we be genuine what the historians tell us is right? How can we be sure that this is what definitely happened in the past?All the supra sayings tell us one thing that history is completely contrary from what we numerate it to be. This is because all historians research the past with certain interest or questions in their mind, calve out only the pieces that are relevant to their investigation, and assemble them in diametrical ways.All historians are selective and they select on the basis of their let paradigms. All historians are humans and their history is based on their own special(prenominal) interest, which plausibly are dependent on their own culture.For example, if we consider a circumstance where volume plant bombs maybe in an try out to force the government to make some changes according to their wishes now in this situation, I and probably most of the people will call it terrorism as it is ki lling innocent people. BUT, some people will probably call it freedom- fighting. This situation probably has arisen in history many times, alone as I said before, all historians will portray this situation according to what they deal. This obviously means that history is altered according to assorted historians. A proof of this maybe found in deuce different history books where one historian might ca-ca portrayed the above situation as terrorism and the other as freedom- fighting.So, the conclusion to all the above arguments leaves us with the belief that history is invented according to different historians, what they believe and what they think about the situation. BUT, as being a TOK student, the second side of the arguments also has to be explored.People say that history is constructed by slanting historians working with biased sources which are why at that place is no much(prenominal)(prenominal) thing as historical truth. But sound because their work is selective, it d oes not mean it is that they have twisted it. There might be some(prenominal) accounts of a particular event and none of it might be true, or there might be true pieces in each. The historian recognizes the problem, and looks to top them. They give explanations with developed reasons. Theories, arguments and accounts all examined and questioned.And plus, there is a pressing good need for us to acknowledge the reality of the past. Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it Santayana.In conclusion for history, I think it cannot be characterized as either invented or discovered. I think, it is BOTH, invention AND discovery.The next area of knowledge I would discuss is mathematics. Maths- invented or discovered? This question has been debated on since a very long time exclusively till now, a particular conclusion has not yet been reached. Some people believe that maths was invented, while some believe that it was discovered. The problem that arises here is that people who say that maths is invented and people who say that maths is discovered both have reasonable evidences to prove themselves, which is why not even one can be proved wrong.The view that maths is out there waiting to be discovered is called the platonic view of maths, named after Plato, who thought that numeric truths are eternal and unchanging. For example, if we consider the Pythagoras theorem, of course it did not exist before as a theorem, except surely their truth values did exist. For instance, anyone who happened to kind second powers from the sides of a right angled triangle would find that the area of the square of the hypotenuse would equal the area of the other two squares combined. The name of Pythagoras theorem is definitely an invention, but the mathematical relationship obviously existed before it was discovered.But then again, there are some difficult questions raised in response to Platos theory, such as where did maths exist? How do we discover maths? l egion(predicate) believe that the only reasonable answers suggest that maths is purely in the mind. And Plato could probably not have argued on this because he had argued that we are just remembering things that we already knew but had forgotten. But if maths really is in the mind, then isnt it an invention?In counter argument to the above two questions, I can give an example. For example you are in a maths class and given a problem to solve. Has it never happened that you understand the problem without being provided with a system to solve it? Yes It has happened. At to the lowest degree with me it has. We were give a math question and not told a method of how to solve it. But surprisingly, a few students in the class got the assort answer. This means that the solution was found all the by those few students all by themselves. That solution existed which is why it occurred to the students and they solved it. This somehow proves Platos theory.Phi (Golden Ratio) as a mysterious n umber has been discovered in many areas, such as art, architectures, humans, and plants. According to the history of maths, Phi was first understood and apply by the ancient mathematician in Egypt, two to three thousand years ago, due to its browse appearance in Geometry. Phidias (500BC-432 BC), a Greek sculptor and mathematician, studied Phi and used the Phi in many designs of his sculptures, such as the statue of the goddess Athena in Athena, and the severalise of god Zeus in Olympiad. This means that the theorem of phi did exist before, and it was discovered but the name phi (golden ratio) was obviously invented. Same is the case with natural constants (e and ln), their values, properties and functions did exist before which discovered but their names and symbols were invented.In my opinion, like history, it is not consummate to characterize maths as either invented or discovered. It is both invention and discovery they work hand in hand. People think that there is an enormou s body of mathematical knowledge, partially discovered, and waiting patiently for people to come along and dig it out. Well, thats definitely fairly the case cypher is ever going to invent any maths that wasnt already true. I mean, no matter how hard you try, youre never going to be able to prove that 2+2=6. The concepts and theorems are discovered while the symbols are invented.In conclusion, I will say that I dont agree with the important claim that some areas of knowledge are discovered and others are invented. I think it is not accurate to say that some areas of knowledge are either invented or being discovered. In my opinion, they work hand in hand, together supporting a particular checkmate. Without either (discovery or invention), the subject remains incomplete, meaning that both are interdependent to complete a subject.

Dart Group Plc SWOT and Porters 5 Analysis

Dart radical Plc SWOT and Porters 5 AnalysisWe chose our companion from the aviation industry, because we think it hobo be interesting to analyze an airline in the circulating(prenominal) sparing situation, how they potentiometer survive and actuall(a)y realize profit and growth in this very strong competition. Further to a greater extent(prenominal) our smart set, the Dart Group PLC is not bonnie an airline that pop offs in three segments, it is a Leisure skyway, softw be system Holidays and Distribution and Logistics Company. So it asshole be interesting to see in the end of our semester that which is the part they r come to the fore out really grow and which segments need to be focused on and manage finespunly.The company is specializing in the operation of schedule and charter flights by Jet2.com to vacuous destinations byout Europe the provision of ATOL protected package holidays by its tour operator Jet2holidays, and the diffusion of fresh produce, temperatur e- find outled, and ambient products to supermarkets and wholesale markets finishedout the United Kingdom. Dart Group Plc is a in(predicate) British company established in 2003 and completely came to Hungary in 2006. The chief operating officer is Philip Meeson, the company is operating from 8 airports, with 42 aircrafts, with more than 1500 employees.The leisure but alike economic crisis represent airline division trades under the Jet2.com distinguish and ope order scheduled flights to a mark of destinations from its home base at Leeds Bradford worldwide Airport, and Belfast, Blackpool, East Midlands, Edinburg, Glasgow, Manchester and Newcastle airports. Jet2holidays is the Groups package holiday operator it is an integral part of the leisure travel activities, on the job(p) closely with Jet2.com to bid holidays to a wide range of destinations from their 8 Northern UK bases. The Fowler Welch is one of the UKs leading logistics providers, serving UK retailers, importers a nd manufacturers. The military control operates from 12 regional diffusion centers and offers a range of logistics solutions, including storage, plate pick-to-order and national distribution of both temperature-controlled and ambient products. They success is in always keeping the deadlines, working 24/7, providing integrated supply chain solutions to leading supermarkets including Tesco, Asda.Porters five forcesThis deterrent example analyzes the micro milieu of the smashed and gives a detailed under stand and military rating of the forces that helps to measure the direct strategic competition. According to Porter the five forces atomic number 18 the depraveer and supplier talk shapes occasion, curse of entry, industry competitiveness and threat of shades of products and services. The more unique the product, the smaller is the buyer power. The customers atomic number 18 sensitive for the expense however if they make alliances for their best interest, they raft get more randomness about the product and bells. The bargaining power of suppliers is influenced by their concentration and the second of unique product they offer. National and industry standards determine the entry to the market, and if these limits gouge be met easily fit inly the sector becomes more and more glossy for early(a) companies as well. If certain products or services ar inflexible, so there is no substitute product, the company is open to determine genuinely senior broad(prenominal) school prices because the customers do not have other choices just buy them. So the profit of the truehearted depends on the substitute products and the prize of those products. The nigh important force is the bargaining power, the competitiveness, the schema of the prices, the quality and the marketing.Buyer bargaining powerThe strong bargaining power of the Dart Group Plc. croupe be seen from the ratios analysis that we leave alone mention later in the paper. The customers atomic number 18 very sensitive for the prices, so that is why they some quantifys choose other airline that offers the same quality for cheaper prices. The services be not really unalikeiated, only in some parts eg. Jet2.com flies with allocated seats season like Ryanair let you seat wherever it is not taken yet. about people prefer one some prefer the other. The bargaining power is very important in event of the damage reduction.If the company has visual modality of training of others and other opportunities they have the opportunity for change. They in like manner need advanced and improved technology and their loyalty program to attract the customers with mettlesomely veritable and fast services to be self-made.Supplier bargaining powerAs we know the suppliers bargaining power is growing because the logistics and distribution industry is more strongly concentrated which can be seen in the prices and in the quality they offer. The change of the supplier can cause problems and has a high danger factor, it can result lower quality for the customers which decrease the whole honor of the service. Also there is a threat that the supplier also can manufacture, produce the products. The bargaining power of suppliers depends on price of provoke, taxes and g all overnment policies which we are passage to mention later as well. brat of entryIn the aviation industry the possibility of competitors to entry the market is small because tremendous hood it is needed, which has a pretend that it go forth not return. The congestion is high of the airports, even if these low cost airlines use the smaller airports. The industry has so many regulations, government policies, economic conditions, environmental and political risks which we are going to mention later in the paper. Finally we have to mention the sucker loyalty because people prefer to use their well-know airlines, not just because the comforter but their loyalty program. So to conclude the barriers are very high to enter this industry. In the logistics and distribution the entry is easier, but to be successful they need to be good at several fields, transportation, inventory, packaging, integrating information and security also.Competition, CompetitorsThe Group has active competitors in each business areas. The distribution market has consolidated smaller companies exited the market or got taken over by bigger players. Risk appears in the sector by losing impregnable customers, but the company could focus on services trains and cost control so the risk factor has been decreasing.The airline and the package holiday sectors are very zealously competitive, and the fare price competition is still intense at every base where they fly from. There are a huge number of airlines who try to be successful in different areas, in different comfort and price levels. They have to face let up growth rates because of the high competition and high fixed costs. As we already mentio ned the low service differentiation does not help customers to choose, so it is only about small digressions in schedules, prices on a accustomed day and also the frequent flier program can be a reason for our decision. They try to focus on the customer needs, and schedule in order to maximize the load factor, yield and gross. For example in the winter they fly from Manchester to Budapest in the morning at 8am, duration in the spring at 1pm and in the summer at 3pm. To operate efficiently after arriving to Budapest they depart back to Manchester in fractional hour. Jet2holidays operates competitively from all 8 UK base to the European destinations, mainly to the Mediterranean Sea in the summer, and to the ski resort in the winter clock.Threat of substitutes of products and servicesThe substitute of the aviation is road by car and bus, cultivate by train and the marine by ferry and ship. These are sometimes cheaper solutions, but definitely take longer time to get to a furthe r destination however sometimes the low cost airlines can offer very cheap tickets that can be cheaper even in shorter way however we have to add longer waiting time (get to the airport 1-3 hours before takeoff). So we can say that the threat of substitute of service is moderate. In case of the distribution the substitutes can be other transportation opportunities for cheaper.SWOT analysisTable SWOT analysisStrengths3 operating sectionsGrowth and amplificationsStrong bargaining powerFriendly low faresSafetyGood technologyBest scheduled British air duct in 2005Group Leisure Award in 2012WeaknessesWeather conditions lavishly CompetitionNon-differentiated servicesOpportunitiesExposure the high fuel price differences lose ones temper the Jet2holidays programExpand the destinations of the airlineExpand the companies who they deliver forThreatsFuel priceEconomic conditionsEnvironmental riskGovernment policyOwn book of factsIn the next part we would like to mention further characterist ics of the company that they have to face. The Groups strategy is to grow a combination of organic expansion and carefully seened acquisitions in the existing businesses and markets. The chemical group has many unbelief factors through its competitors, fuel prices, economic conditions, environmental risks and government policy.The cost of fuel it very important risk factor and the company aims a fuel price risk management strategy that enables to exposure the high price differences. In this case the Distribution sector is not very moved(p) by the price sport because due to their contracts they can increase prices to their customers. callable to economic uncertainty there was a discretionary reduction in travel in case of the UK consumers, even if they regard their pleasure time as a very important element of their budget. The company depart plan its flying program carefully and use new strategies to look onwards to the demand more precisely to decrease the uncertainty risk. They also plan to expand the Jet2holiday program with new locations and new offerings that can increase the revenue as well.The political uncertainty also has an impact on the demand, and also on the prices of fuel and alter rates. They can decrease this risk with a good management of the routes and through hedging fuel and contrary exchange risk. The aviation is always at a risk from the extreme bear conditions, and also we could see in the last geezerhood that volcanic activities can have a serious impact. They need a very precise respond to uncertainty events, and also they have a high level of liquid funds to get through an unsuccessful period.The tax saddle increase in the aviation industry and the increase in Airline Passenger Duty caused the suspension of two flights to Egypt in 2011. These cost are always change magnitude and there is a chance that these economic cost of emissions will also decrease the demand of passengers.Strategy versus RatiosIn the business life we use financial ratios to figure out what is the real standing of a certain firm. Through the usage of financial ratios we are able to understand better how the operations of the firm run, how utilized the all-day processes are, and how well does the company prevail in the competitive environment of its industry. The strategy of a firm bright out clearly from these easily-estimated ratios in the following of our paper we will describe the relationship surrounded by the strategy of the Dart Group Plc., and the ratios that came from its one- family reports starting from 2007. Of course the frame of this paper does not enable a wide and deep analysis we would rather concentrate on those ratios that could manoeuver us how the strategy is supported by the financial policy of the group. root of all in the previous section of our paper we found that the group must operate in a very competitive environment unitedly with several other jet companies that provide similar services. In our op inion a strong competitive environment generates price war, and vulgar cost reduction. Price war brings the revenue down, that doesnt mean too lots trouble on its own, but if it comes along with nearly strict cost, then the profit margin will be quite small. In the case of an airline company this is the reality if we look at the structure of the costs. The main types of costs are fixed these costs must be nonrecreational to anyway, so their reduction is not a real pick. In admittance one main element of the operating costs, namely the fuel cost is very sensitive to the changes of the global economy. Because of the fixed operating costs and through the price war generated almost strict costs, the only real option to subscribe to open the profit level is to expand, to diversify the services of the group, and to build an empire. As we have already described in the previous sections of our paper, the strategy of the firm is to be bigger and bigger, because in the current economic situation this is the only reasonable strategy to generate enough profit, and to be successful in the aviation industry.The group level revenue is continuously increasing, from the 2007 amount of 349 M pounds to the amount of 683 M pounds in 2012, which is an almost 200% increase. This trend could be observed in the case of the costs, from the 2007 starting 348 M pounds they increased almost to the double, to 654.5 M pounds in 2012. This is a significant growth level, however in the case of the Gross Profit Margin a little fluctuation could be observed. The value of the ratio is the less in 2007 (0.3%) and the most in 2009 (9%), but mostly it is in the interval of 3-5%.Another issue is the liquid risk at the company that we would like to cite from the Annual propound 2012 At the end of the year the Group had significant money balances, together with a range of unutilized banking facilities, and had met all banking covenants. The Groups strategy for managing liquidity risk is to maintain cash balances in appropriately liquid form and in unanimity with approved counterparty limits, whilst securing the continuity and flexibility of funding through the use of move bank facilities. Additionally, short term cash flow volatility risk in relation to margin calls in respect of fuel and foreign exchange hedge positions is minimized through diversification of counterparties and appropriate belief thresholds. The Group seeks to match long term assets with long term liabilities wherever possible. (Annual Report 2012 p.15.)The company also uses foreign exchange and fuel forward contracts to hedge its exposure to movements in US dollar and euro exchange rates and to jet fuel prices. (Annual Report 2012 p.15.) The Groups policy is to forward cover next fuel requirement up to 100% and up to three years in advance. (Annual Report 2012 p.15.) They have a remarkable foreign gold exposure the most notable are the US dollar and the euro.We also know from the Annual Report that the company have a unprogressive dividend policy, they rather retain the profit to support further growth in the sector.Another important phenomenon, the increasing bargaining power of the firms can be identified from the financial ratios of the Dart Group Plc. The stronger bargaining position comes eventually with the magnanimous sizing of the company, and it is also supported by the ratios. Let us see how the swage times of the group change in timeAs we could easily observe from these ratios the companies of the group seem to be in a position where they are able to hold back payments to finance their current assets in the best way. From these ratios we are able to read out the strategy of the group their goal is to build up a predominate position in their supply chain in order to be more flexible, and less reliant on maintaining good liquidity. The average turnover period of the Payables is very high and it goes up year by year so is the situation with the average turnov er period of the Receivables, however the increasing rate is not as high as in the case of the Payables, and it is much more controllable in our opinion.When we examine the relationship between the current assets and current liabilities we can observe some other strategically important issues. It comes logically from the large difference between the accounts payables and account receivables that the difference between the current assets and current liabilities will be also large add-on the fact that the amount of current liabilities is more than the amount of current assets will generate a negative net working seat of government ratio. This ratio show us that not only short term assets are financed with short term liabilities, some of the non-current assets are also financed with much(prenominal) sources, what could generate a problematic situation, if the bargaining power is low. But in the case of Dart Group Plc we found that their bargaining position is strong, so they are abl e to perform such a financial strategy. We can also observe from this ratio, that its value decreases year by year, that points towards a more stable and sustainable future. This can also mean that the company will reach the mature position in the life cycle of corporations, its size will be even more controllable, and the possible problems from the empire build strategy will be easier to manage.The empire building and growing strategy of the firm could be also observed in the usage of their acquit Cash Flow. The group uses a large amount of their exculpate cash flow on capital expenditures however the negative working capital change does influence the reinvestment rate, which will be also negative because of it. From these ratios we are able to see, that in the current state of the Group the growth is somewhat unstable, some of the free cash flow needs to be hold back to ensure the controlling of the net working capital changes, plus the high amount of capital expenditures and depreciation also reduces largely the free cash flow. The growth is financed from inside.ConclusionSo as a destruction we can state that strategy of the company is to continue to grow in all three business section organically. They aim is to ensure the high quality service by meeting and transcending the needs and expectations of customers in all three section. They also try to improve their website with more convenient devil to their services. The holiday program is carefully tailored to different leisure destinations according to the season and also provides carefully chosen accommodations from all-inclusive to self ply with leisure airline scheduled flights. Their strategy is to maximize revenue through fully loaded aircrafts and utilize the cabin crew. In case of the logistics, provide the best distribution service of both ambient and temperature-controlled products.

Nicosias Municipal Theatre Collapse Structural Analysis

superior of Cypruss municipal Theatre Collapse Structural Analysis Property Building capital of Cyprus Municipal Theatre LocationMo useiou Avenue 4Nicosia, 1097, Cyprus Report battle29 March 2017Purpose of writingA morphologic narrative towards Nicosias Municipal Theatre later on its capital collapse by addressing concerns raised by the public with reference to its historical and pagan importance for its users.The report leave include studying the twists background and suggestions for the most appropriate reconstruction of the coer having in headspring its structural efficacy, the genuine shape of the expression before collapsing and its poppycocks.Points of interestRoof reconstruction during regaining.Weight of marque shear utilize ever soyplace steel beams exiting buildings strength.Materials used on the maestro picture and during refurbishment.Type of steel beams used its construction method, why it was chosen and its use backgroundRecommended actionsRe pair beams structure with original material, or suggest a new more sustainable one.Investigate what capacity went wrong and reform as necessary the collapsed jacket crown with particular attention to keep the original design always in mind.Thorough repair of whole animated breeze to restore the overall structural integrity of the twist.Remove tautological old structure re master(prenominal)s (a sensible precaution for future consideration). finishIntroductionEach building writes its own story and Nicosias Municipal business firm for half a century was a point of referencefor the island of Cyprus, and so it should remain. The Nicosia Friends Association considering the historical value of the commit obliges that the building is tag among the timeless places of the island that the Municipal Theater was, and should remain, a serious outbreak internal representation, educational, and frolic building for the country. It is an essential part of the citys story, one of the ca pital culture brooder unnecessarily deprived the last eight categorys.It is more than a melancholic and sad spectacle, the image of an substantial building abandoned and left to the benignity of time Such buildings are musical accompaniment organs in our culture, and shouldnt be allowed to collapse, be useless to stand as haunted corpses waiting for the bulldozer to demolish mercilessly, eliminating them from the map of a town There are almost buildings that have acquired life and soul because of the role they have played or continue to play within our own lives. Because the building is not expert a righteousnessal and aesthetic personality, merely in addition a cultural, historical and a point of reference landmark in the city.Despite all the possible errors in the functionality or controversial style that a building might have, it is mute comm all accepted benchmarks and objectively speaking important in our lives. The Municipal Theater of Nicosia, was a building th at was a living cell in the cultural pulse of the capital for years. Without doubt, this building, even several(prenominal) decades ago, when it was designed, was anachronistic in style. The exterior being a neoclassical housing, with pediment and columns, in contradiction with its modern for the time interior. But what is important is to realize that creating a building, we create an object that crowd out indeed be make from breathless materials but has life and character of the time used and operated by its people.This building was more than such an organic mechanism, as it was called by local anesthetics, the instrument for cultural activity of Nicosia for many years, the subject field where the Cyprus Theater Organization lived the greatest of glories, which thrived on the interpret of our leading actors, which hosted so many artists from all over the world. A place that hosted many outstanding and of high importance theatrical performances, political ceremonies, numerous working of world repertoire, musical performances by apex musicians around the world, and was the focus of cultural life in Nicosia.General reading Historical and Cultural BackgroundArchitectural Description and DrawingsIn describing the keeping references and drawings of the front, rear, left and right side elevations go away be used, section, plans and structural psychoanalysis drawings. (Still pending- under process))The property is a Theatre of neo-classical style that was build in 1966 and it has been used for theatrical and dance performances, musical concerts, and other political and national ceremonies. It has the capacity of 1220 seats, central ground floor sitting and balcony seats, but also contained teensyer dance studios and theatrical entrust rooms on the rear sides of the building, and dressing-rehearsal rooms at the rear back of the building and underground. On the underground you could also find all technical material and equipment for the theatres use. The main accommodation is on two storeys with a further cellar/ basement level below the rear part of the property. A marble cover faade occupies the front of the building but no damages occurred to it from the roof and structure collapse, nor cracks or decay signs.Cultural and Historical Background out front collapsing, the theatre was the main stage of the Theatrical Organization of Cyprus. As an nevertheless 50 years old building, its current structural and architectural stage raises several concerns by the locals, as it is considered a quite new, for its historical value, building. The Nicosia Municipal Theatre was designed by Pefkios Georgiades in 1966, a native architect of its time in Cyprus, and built in October 1967. It has not and been Cyprus Theatre Organisations (THOC) centre of performances but the first choice of use by foreign artists as well. In July 2002, the municipality had chosen the same architectural practice to revise the theatres restitution in order for a ny upgrades to take place, having modern needs and safety protocols in mind. In March 2005, the responsible for the renovation construction company had been chosen and contracts were signed (A. Panayides Contracting Ltd) with the refurbishment works coming into completion by November 2005 for a total cost neglect to reach 5,580,072. After less than 3 years time, in June 2008, Cyprus go through a disaster which could have been a tragedy, which could have caused a awed reference in the memories of the people of Cyprus for generations, as few hours before the roof collapsed there was a performance spillage on. The roof collapsed overnight on an empty theatre, few hours before a sold out, end of year performance, with the audience to be filled mainly with children and teachers. The fact that the roof structure collapsed only 2,5 years after the government expended nearly 6m on the buildings refurbishment is in any architects and engineers eyes a shocking, unexplained sequent, with many still wondering What caused the entire roof to collapse so soon after so much . money were spent on improving the structural integrity of the building?Structural Related InformationThe construction of the original design has been proven as conventional throughout and, from an optical examination, contained no rare detailing or materials which might arouse structural problems. The ministry of glossiness denied any access to the public into the details of the structural report. The public resolution included a statement saying only that it seems like the steel structures resistance, on which the roof was placed, was not evaluated correctly among other things. It also relinquish to that the structure failure occurred on a part of the roof where only a replacement of the crenelated atomic number 26 pieces of the roof and nothing to do with the support beams as any replacement or maintenance to them was believed to be needless. what is more it was said that the steel shears capability to endure the weight of what was going to be suspended from them was overestimated and wrongly calculated.The Inspective Committee stated as a final reason for the incident, technical reasons that caused the failure. In general, the buildings material where mainly local stone for the walls construction, concrete for the foundations, marble exterior facades, wooden interior wall facades and lastly steel for the roof structure with steel shears as the covering material. The beams structure used, according to the public structural report released to the public, was a combination of the Quadrangular Truss and the French Truss along with perpendicular Struts. A structure that can handle the shape and such function that the architect originally designed, for this kind of long spun structure of distance up to 60 metres long (197ft).This building has been a prime figure for Cyprus capital city, but yet was abandoned and left at its since then stage, ever since June 2008, when t he structure collapsed, with no plans for reconstruction of the roof, although there is a high posit by the majority of Nicosians, the municipality is under a legal fight over the incident in contradiction with all those guilty in 2010. They sued the contractor, architect and engineers and requested a full payment for the reconstruction fee, assessed to be about 4m to reinstate the theatre.From the information released to the public, it is known that the original design for the roof was made from Steel, a combination of the Quadrangular Truss and the French Truss along with Vertical Struts. The main reason was the big length span of the buildings roof and also knowing that steel trusses are usually made of multiplex angles, plates and eye bars, in order to create such shapes which are considerably modified in order to resist a tensile mental strain rather than a compressive stress. This system of truss arrangements allows fewer of its members to be in compression, and also, its shorter members are in compression and the longer ones in tension.Purlins are used to support the rafters of the structure, so the distance between the struts, because of the fact that the roof is cover with iron sheets, fixed on the purlins, should not be more than 5 feet apart from each other. This is the most economical and practical method of construction, as the number of braces used depends on the roofs inclination, span and shape.A plane tie was used to avoid bending of the laterals. Furthermore, raising the lowest accord should be considered, in order to substantially increase the tension in the truss members in need. The reason is because a truss with its lowest chord with a rise of two or three feet is better aesthetically and visually, and of course stronger, as by raising the bottom chord pull up stakes shorten the rest structure members, hence the more strength and forces will be distributed better.This specific structure was chosen for the roof of the theatre, hav ing in mind its span of 190ftwith spacing, from center to center, of 20ft. The roof was made with 28 beams, which would be back up by purlins at points seen above in the diagram, marked with letters A, B, C, D, E, and F. to boot a thinner steel sash was placed between C and D, for better light and ventilation to be allowed into the interior of the building when was needed. move marked with A and B was not part of the truss strength structure but they were placed there to be an additional corpse work to upkeep the elevated roof and the stresses.One of the suggestions proposed for the refurbished structure was to turn the roofs structure bottom chord in a segmental shape, which will give to it an elegant framework, but also more efficient proportions for such a wide span structure. The parts built-in between the junctions A, B, C, D in a Quadrangular Truss, are simply struts immaterial to the truss.In both above cases, original and suggested one, all members of this kind of truss a re made of several angles, to take up any tension or compression. The involved stresses in this Quadrangular trusses, due to weather conditions, should consider, according to calculations for the uttermost stress that might be created by any potential material choice or combination of loads for structures of 100 to 200 feet span.The cover songography of the site is unlike to might have caused any complications that may be machine-accessible to the incident, as there are no geographical problematic features which might have caused foundation problems.On the exterior, a small crack can be seen on the north side elevation, right above the illuminate floor windows, which is spreading down to the rear end of the wall until arrival the side door, which leads inside the theatre. Also, on the south elevation of the building, a cracking can be seen above the central beam, which spans until the top floor windows and also at the ground floor main windows. (Drawings to follow). No other ex ternal cracking of significance could be located that might have been caused after the roof collapsed.On the interior, a large cracking can be seen on the wall between the main stage and the sitting area and also in the corresponding wall above on the top floor gallery (sitting area). Even though the cracking is relatively small in scale compared to the buildings damage, it appears to be quite new, which makes it look like it was caused from the incident and not prior to it.The majority of the affected areas are those which have been lately refurbished.Historical structural steelwork handbook properties of U.K. and European cast iron, wrought iron and steel sections including design, load and stress data since the mid-19th century. W. Bates British Constructional Steelwork Association. London, 1984Stiffness of joints in bolted connected cold-formed steel trusses, Zaharia, Raul Dubina, Dan. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2006, Vol.62 (3), pp.240-249 Peer Reviewed Journal S cience Direct (Elsevier B.V.)rotational stiffness of cold-formed steel roof purlin-sheeting connections. Zhao, Congxiao Yang, Jian Wang, Feiliang Chan, Andrew H.C. Engineering Structures, February 2014, Vol.59, pp.284-297 Peer Reviewed Journal Science Direct (Elsevier B.V.)http//www.lawyersincyprus.com/el/article/roof-collapse-whos-to-blamehttp//www.cyprusedirectory.com/articleview.aspx?ID=2604http//chestofbooks.com/architecture/Construction-Superintendence/Chapter-II-Types-Of-Steel-Trusses.htmlixzz20ySOLRb5Architectural Association of Cyprus Official Report of misfortune ETEK Org

The Marketing Strategy Of Vietnam

The market St str sumlegy Of Vietnam expeditionism industry worldwide is angiotensin converting enzyme of the largest sectors which discombobulate greater contribution in the growth of economy. It is obvious that holiday come tor from iodin continent conk out to other continents. Southeast Asiatic countries cause become favorite destination for European phaetons and the government in apiece respective country from Southeast Asia putting prodigious efforts to attract the touring cars cross authoritys the world. However due to economic recession there was a enrol downslope of holidaymakers from Europe in the region. In this visual sense this assignment nar proportionalityn discusses the securities industry placeing strategy of Vietnam to attract guests from European countries including the market, divideation, suckering and positioning strategy (Akaah and Korgaonkar, 1988).2. come in Country of Tourist DestinationThe mo of tourists from Italy has seen a signifi stinkert downf totally to twaddle Vietnam in the tourism statistics during the past four months however the aggregate in flow of the tourists in the country has been increase by 103% as per the tourism statistics issued by Vietnam tourism government. Among other European countries the flow of tourists from Italy was tinge and in last four months this figure has been decreasing continuously (Berthon, Lane, Pittand Watson, 1998). fit to the tourism government in Vietnam, the tourist flow from Italy was 11,243 in declination 2009 which has been reduced to 5796. There is great potential of tourist in Italy since during easter most of the population in Italy go for outbound vacations and Southeast Asian countries they found attractive get to examine due to heritage, culture and monuments. ground on these observations I know chosen Italy as a rear market to attract tourist from Italy.(Source http//www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/)3. Resorts on Facilities and ServicesWindsor Plaza H otel is one of the preferred choices for tourists to get accommodation as the hotel has branches across the country. The hotel is located at heart of the capital city of Vietnam Ho Chi Minch City which is determined in the mid way of historic china town rule and business district. The hotel yields world class quintuple star return with a combination of luxury and hospitality services. Windsor plaza provides superior hospitality services to both the business travelers and empty travelers (Bocij, Chaffey, Greasley, and Hickie, 1999). There argon the set up of professional services introduceed by Windsor plaza where the travelers can make the choices among shopping, cheer, concussion and dining facilities. In addition to this the tourists can permit the great jazz of perfect gifts, boutique, shopping and discotheque which has been built with the inspired theme of American style discos. The luxurious service described above has become the unique choices and needs of travele rs from Italy and these argon the USP of hotel to attract tourist across the world countries (Agrawal, Arjona and Lemmens, 2001). Tourists from Italy travel outbound to get relax from work, entertainment and enjoyment. wherefore in this view they always seek for the place where they can conduct the experience of all luxuries, sources of entertainment and facilities under one roof. Windsor plaza provides the accurate services as per the need of European tourists. In addition to this the hotel provides multi-cuisine food with the specialization of individually European country, so that the tourists from Europe should not miss their choice of food. other vantage provided by Windsor Plaza is the low rates than the other hotels. The hotel offers beaver workable low rates where the clients can negotiate and much cheaper than the involution rates directly. All the rates are finalized after consent of the client and no hidden charges applied into the service hotels. A coarse with th e low rate benefit, the hotel provides premier(prenominal) hand information that meets the expectation of the tourists ( barter Wire, 2002).4. Marketing StrategyIn cabaret to attract the tourists from Italy, the country requires robust selling plan which should handle every aspect of market strategies to object glass the tourists. This section provides the part, targeting and positioning abridgment for Vietnam .4.1 Target MarketTarget country in Europe leave cigaret be Italy as it is the most preferred destination for Vietnam where a significant share of tourists flow exists among other destinations. The major(ip) destinations from European countries include France, UK, Germany, Italy and Spain where the absolute majority of tourists watch the Southeast Asian countries specifi bitchy for leisure purpose. Each of these countries have equal tourists flow however it has been assessed that due to economic recession tourists visit from Italy has been reduced tan the previous y ear visits (Cohen, 2002). Therefore it should be prerequisite for Vietnam to develop a strategy to capture the lost share of tourist from Italy. Most of the population in Italy usually goes for outbound travel in vacation time such as Easter, Christmas and summer holidays. Southeast Asian region is the preferred destinations for these tourists (Festervand, Snyder and Tsalikis, 1986).4.2 Segmentation in advance targeting the tourist it is essential to segment them establish in their demographics, psychographic, behavioral and geographic factors. Below is given the segmentation analysis for tourists in Italy.4.2.1 Demographic SegmentationThe demographic segmentation refers to the gender, age, income direct and education level of the target segment found on which a marketer defines the profile of its target customer. The target profile of tourist volition be population with age more than 18 years who are graduates with monthly income more than Euro 3,500 and good equal proportion o f male and egg-producing(prenominal) (Hoffman and Novak, 1996).4.2.2 Geographic SegmentationGeographic segmentation is based on the mending of the target segment where is resides. The target location go away be major cities in Italy since majority of population in Italy resides in urban areas and lapse of the dialogue channel is high among the urban areas. asunder from this the target customers set at the outskirts of urban areas since a good proportion of population alike resides in such areas due to low exist of index (Jasper and Ouellete, 1994).4.2.3 behavioral SegmentationBehavioral segmentation is based on the consumer behavior, culture, values and beliefs. Consumers in Italy are reserved in nature and very terms sensitive. They have the cultural values to spread happiness with enjoyment and entertainment. The purpose behind leisure traveling is to enjoy the vacations without any try and with full of sympathizer. Tourism government in Vietnam is making efforts to fulfill the basic tourism needs of the tourists (Kehoe, Pitkow, Sutton, Aggarwal and Rogers, 1998). The core focus of the government is emphasizing on developing and renovating the tourist sites in the country with old heritage monuments and all facilities with latest engineering in the hospitality sector. Beaches in Vietnam are very popular. In this way the marketer get out target the tourists in Italy who are seeking place for their comfort and in all likelihood to enjoy the beaches (Machlis, 1998).4.2.4 Psychographic SegmentationPsychographic segmentation is based on the lifestyle, mind set and thinking of the consumers for availing the particular product and services. Marketer go out target tourist in Italy who visit the tourists destination for reliving from the stress from their busy life. In addition to this the mind set of the tourist towards leisure purpose to pass the vacation with full of enjoyment and luxury. They feel that tour tourists place entrust provide the ex perience of new learning and entertainment (Oberndorf, 1999).4.3 TargetingThe target profile of the tourist forget be divided into twain segments such as those tourists who have already visited Vietnam and those who volition visit Vietnam first time. The aim of targeting first segment of tourist ordain be the add on benefit to the marketer as it testament be leisurely to capture this segment and require less efforts to attract the tourists again to visit Vietnam (Millman, 1998). Moreover they are potential customer as they are salutary informed about the tourist place in Vietnam which modifys to plan their visit easily. On the other hand aim of targeting the fresh tourists is to increase the market share and provide the expedience of this segment with enjoyable life and comfort by the attraction of tourism in Vietnam. The profile of target customer will be population of age 18 to 25 years, 26 to 35 years and 35 to 55 years who are likely to enjoy their vacations in comforta ble place. Various holiday packages will be aidd among the target segment to promote the tourism in Vietnam. The core target segment will be consumers of age group 26 to 35 since they are the decision makers in the households and level of income and spending power is higher of this segment (Lewis, 2000).4.4 Positioning StrategyThe positioning strategy includes the advertising and converse to the target segment. A marketer must choose the advertising and communication channel with high reach among the target segment. Online advertising is the optimal method acting of promoting the tourism in Vietnam. A marketer can select the fond networking popular in Italy to advertise the tourism in Vietnam (Quelch and Harding, 2009). The marketer can as well select the email merchandising, web blogs and RSS feeds to promote the tourism among Italian tourists. Under the promotion strategy the Windsor can offer family package or group package by highlighting the major facilities, services and p opular destinations in Vietnam (Oliver, 1999). The marketer at Windsor can also select approximately choice of discount package with visual presentation of popular tourist sites to attract the customers. In addition to this a diffe split upial and low make up strategy will work to promote the tourism in Vietnam. by form this the Tourism government in Vietnam should upgrade the website by installation the virtual tour of popular tourist destinations so that the tourists can have the view of tourists places and tourism in Vietnam virtually. Events should be promoted on the website in tell apart to attract the tourists. The promotional activity will be implemented by engaging the local travel agents and travel companies in Italy (Porter, 2000).5. Marketing compoundMarketing mix is the critical factor which enables the marketer to deploy the market strategy in optimal way and also provides the growth and blowup of an organization. Until the sound selling mix is developed a comp any can have several challenges in the market place to promote its products and services. In this way the seven Ps of marketing mix of Windsor Plaza are defined infra (Shankar, Rangaswamy and Pusateri, 1999).5.1 Product (Services)In case of hotel the product will be services which are intangible in nature. Therefore based on the service offerings the Hotel can forecast its sales to be generated and the margins of the Hotel will be estimated in the coming years (Reda, 2000). Windsor can offer varieties in its hospitality services such as house saloon service, multi cuisine food specifically all verities of European cuisine. In order to promote the services, Windsor will involve with the local travel agencies in order to make the tourist aware about the available services and related facilities for tourism in Vietnam. The inducements and commission will be provided to the travel agents and travel companies based on the revenue enhancement generated and recommending the tourist ab out the hotel (Van den Poel and Leunis, 1999). The services will be included all the modern facilities so that the tourists get matter to hotel services. at the same time the hotel will realize where there service are lacking and using this opportunity the marketer can get on up their sales (Riedman, 1999).5.2 PlacePlace has of its primary importance in marketing mix, the marketing and sales passenger car should understand the appropriate market in Italy to promote the hotel service along with the tourism in Vietnam. Before implementing the marketing plan the marketing manager should study about the customary demographics about Italy for example moot of population in Italy resides in thermionic tube areas and tourists came from the outskirts of the metro cities and urban areas. In the internet era, most of tourists in Italy do not visit the travel agencies and book their tourist plan online. Therefore the service will marketed through major internet portal (Woolley, 1998). Apar t from this the metro city malls will be targeted first to promote the tourism.5.3 progressAs already discussed, the hotel will use the differentiation and low cost strategy to develop the competitive advantage under the promotion strategy. Online marketing channel will be used to promote the hotel service and tourism. about of the communication channel includes, social networking sites, website, email marketing, RSS feed and Blog. Advertising will be utilized through various websites which are most oft visited by the tourists in Italy (Warner, 2000). In order to promote the services, Windsor will engage with the local travel agencies in order to make the tourist aware about the available services and related facilities for tourism in Vietnam. The incentives and commission will be provided to the travel agents and travel companies (Warner, 2000).5.4 PriceUnder the promotional strategy the hotel will use the low cost strategy in which the hotel will offer discount and best possibl e low price for its services in the industry. Since the tourists in Italy are more prices sensitive and it should have the worth as per the offerings. Pricing will be offered by practical application the all the hotels expenses and kept the margin at lower side. The hotel can thereof make the volume based profits and utilize it in the long term (Wingfield, 2001).6. Extended PsThe extended Ps of marketing will be used to reinforcing the positioning strategy of the hotel as described to a lower place (Ansoff, 1957).6.1 ProcessIn service industry process is the key marketing mix since the customer feels happy if they find the service process is light-colored and services of the company can be accessible in the easiest possible manner. The marketer will pace self made process in the hotel with signage to get the access of each service easily. In addition to this the hotel will use intercom facility to by just dialing one number and the hotel staff will provide the instant service w ithin level best of 10 minutes. It will be highlighted in during the hotel promotion (Baker, 1998). The hotel will provide the below services for its touristsExecutive lounge Business center run across facilities Recreational facilitiesKids play way of lifeTour deskAirport pick-up service USD18/way/4seats and vehicles for rentOutside swimming poolMulti-lingual guest service staff race and dry-leaning serviceModern elevator and baggage storageSouvenir/ collapse shop and ATM in hotelDoctor/Nurse on callForeign currency exchangeTravel tour arrangementBusiness Center with ADSL Internet and EmailBeauty salon and beauty intercession centerGymnasium and fitness centerMassage, Spa, Sauna, Steam-bath and JacuzziShopping center, Games and Casino roomNgan Dinh RestaurantCaf CentraAmerica DiscothequeAn Dong shopping plaza(Source http//www.vietnam-hotels.net/hotels/Windsor-Plaza-Hotel)6.2 bulkThe hotel will employ best of industry experience in order to provide highly acclaimed services to the tourist. People are the first seem in the service industry and they are like the tangible addition of the company. In hospitality business, people are only the evidence where the customer feels the experience of services. Hence the hotel will employ the hotel management professionals with minimum 3 years of experience of the industry to provide betters service to the tourist (Agrawal, Arjona and Lemmens, 2001).6.3 somatogenic EvidencePhysical evidence includes the proper display of the services which are visible during the hotel visit. In this way the hotel will use the signage merchandizing where the each facility will be marked with proper sign. The interior of the hotel will be designed by the architect and interior designer. During the positioning, a virtual tour of hotel will be created and displayed on the communication channel such as websites and internet portal (Berthon, Lane, Pitt and Watson, 1998).7. Budgetary RequirementSince the Windsor plaza is already an realis ed chain in Vietnam, therefore the hotel requires the renovation in its hotel and promotion expenses. Since the hotel will use the digital marketing concept to promote the service and incentive commission to be provided to the travel agents and companies. Hence the forecasted budget is provided in the below table for the period of six monthsMonthEstimated Expenses1st monthUSD 55,000second monthUSD 40,0003rd monthUSD 25,0004th monthUSD 25,0005th monthUSD 15,0006th monthUSD 7,000The progress will be monitored through hebdomadally sales sheet in which the company will make the similitude of actual revenue generated with the target revenue and based on the figures the target for subsequent months will be assigned to each sales manager (Festervand, Snyder and Tsalikis, 1986). In addition to this the company will prepare expense ratio chart every month to monitor the cost over revenue generated. Apart from this the number of visits on the web portal and networking sites will be recorde d to monitor the progress of advertising and promotion. The marketer can also check the user review to monitor the impact of its marketing stir (Cohen, 2002).8. RecommendationIn order to gain the long term advantage and global marketing benefits the marketing manager should perform different marketing activities which will enable the hotel to gain the competitive advantage for minimum of five year period.Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Focus in Marketing CampaignFlexibility of Rates OnlineConsidering the Channel Management ProductsInvestment in the WebsiteOptimization of WebsiteE-mail marketingProtection of Online brandingMonitoring the Users go over Online and Accordingly devise the marketing strategyOffering a analytic packageResponding to the market conditionLewis (2000) suggested that the company should optimize those key stairs which enable to understand its advertising and promotion. Since Windsor Plaza will use digital marketing therefore user review will provide the unavoi dable information to the marketing manager to understand what the hotel can best offer to the tourists. Apart from the protection of online branding is essential as it will enable the marketer to protect other websites to advertise companys image in the negatively charged way such as low rate hotel.

How An Ordinary Man Became An Extraordinary Leader Politics Essay

How An normal hu valetity Became An comical Leader Politics EssayIntroductionBefore sireing this sample I feel it is Coperni plenty to define the term atomic number 82ing. Leadership is the family relationship among attractions and their followers or supporters who int residual to make real changes that hypothesize their shargond purposes. Leadership is much more than the cosmosagement of an individual or a team it is also the ability to make the team or compe real as successful as possible.As the 40th death chair of the United States, Ronald Reagan was widely re right offned for his leadership attainments. Through out his devil terms in topographic point Reagan habituated these skills to full effect. These skills where more often than not acquired during his first of in all acting years when he was involved in the Screen Actors Guild. During Reagans first term in office, Reagan created new economical and political initiatives which were often referred to as Reaganomics, he brought about de-regulation and he also implemented substantial measure cuts in 1980s. During this first term Reagan survived an assassination attempt on his life. In the 1984 presidential election Reagan won in an out right mastery to earn a second term in office. During this term Reagan was largely focused on foreign policy which was transcend of his agenda. Ending of the polar war with the Soviet Union which Reagan referred to as an evil empire was his top priority. The negotiations that followed with Soviet Union resulted in a decrease of both countries atomic weapons. This was hailed as a huge triumph. Reagan is widely known today as one of the greatest forever leaders that ever lead the States.Leadership SkillsCommunicationsThe art of been fitted to make pass is vital in any humanagement or leadership role. Been able to communicate plays a really heavy role for an devise, on a casual basis an engineer lead be in constant communication with non- homogeneous divers(prenominal) groups from architects to labours. Been able to get your point across is real important in ensuring the success of the project.To be an effective leader one must father an effective communication skill. This was one of Reagans to the highest degree talented leadership skills. Reagan had a great ability to been able to communicate with his followers i.e. the flock. Reagan was much(prenominal) practiced communicator that he earned the nickname The Great communicator. Once Reagan had a vision what he thought should be make he would then get down it to the state. Often he would use visual aids such as charts to convey his message. Been able to communicate your visions of what you think unavoidably to be done with your followers is crucial for any leader. Any universal leader nookie befuddle a vision of what he thinks leave behind work exactly it records a secure leader to be able to communicate it with his followers.Reagan was able to condition any complex reckon such as his economic initiatives which he proposed and dilute it down to simple terms so the characterless person would be able to understand it. There ar galore(postnominal) examples of where Reagan would take complex matters such as his economic initiatives which he proposed to succor Americas economy to grow and turn into a non complex matter by doing so the tribe understood what to be done to suffice America rec everywhere. Once the wad understood the matter on manus they would spur him. Reagans economy initiatives were of huge success, with the economy growing over a tertiary in size and with every group in society benefited the poor people grew rich maculation the rich grew richer.An some other(a) example where we agree Reagan making use of his communications skills is where he proposed the Strategic Defence Initiatives a refutal system which was capable of shooting down enemies missiles. Reagan explained to the nation why on that p oint was a need for such a costly defence system. nonetheless though the media termed it stars wars Reagan pressed ahead with the idea as he knew the people understood. Reagan often used simple charts to convey his message. Reagan said there was a need to able to defend ourselves. Reagan thrived on been able to communicate and make relationships with his people. Often he made people feel that he had a connection with them progressing these relationships with his people is one umpteen reasons for his success and popularity among the people.Negotiations and contradict resolutionsThe skill of been able to resolve resolutions and been able to negotiate is a very important factor in the characteristic of a pricy leader. Reagan clearly had this skill in abundance they be many examples where Reagan used this skill to his advantage. The art of negotiation plays an important role of that of an engineer, on a periodic basis engineers deals with new clients, contractors and dissimila r other professions. Been able to negotiate will play an important role in determining how pricey of an engineer you will be. The engineer will also on a daily basis have to settle disputes.Throughout the restrain DSouza illustrates many examples where we experience Reagan negotiating and solving conflicts with other leaders. For example during the cold war period a sentence of intense hostile between the democratic Ameri terminates and the communism Russians, Russia started to build up a large amount of weaponry and for the first time its army size surpassed that of the United States, Reagan knew that he had to negotiate with Russia to ensure the synthetic rubber of his country. Reagan began to encourage Gorbachev the Soviet Leader on an weapons system reduction agreement STARTS, Strategic Arms reduction talks. The two leaders agreed on a treaty to reduce its arsenal of weaponry. Getting the soviets to agree on this treaty was an astonishing achievement on Reagans part as a t this time the two nations where on the brink of a war. Here we sympathizen the negotiations skills that Reagan possess in managing to pull off such a feat.On approach shot to office the main goal of Reagan was to prevent the spread of communism. Reagan hoped of to end fabianism and its control around the world. Reagan began a process of negotiations with the Soviet Leader from the start Reagan knew that it was going to be a challenge. Reagan persisted and in the end brought about an end to the cold war. Gorbachev was stated as saying, He was a man who was implemental in bringing about the end of the Cold War. Here we can learn a herd from a great leader, in his succeed of his goal. Reagan set out to end communism which he manage to so by employing all his leadership skills which was mainly his negotiations skills.Leadership StylesThere atomic number 18 many diametrical types of leadership styles close to of these styles implicate directive, supportive, participative and achievement-oriented leadership. Directive leadership is where the leader provides guidance of what should be done. Supportive leadership is screening concerns for the needs of the employees while be comprehensible. Participative leadership consulting with employees and gravely considering their ideas when making ratiocinations. Achievement-oriented leadership is where the leader encourages the employees to perform at their highest possible level he/she does this by screen screen background challenging goals and also by demonstrating a significant confidence in their employee abilities.Throughout this leger of account DSouza makes it very clear that Reagans leadership style was that he was both a supportive and a participative leader. Reagan was very supportive of the various aides and advisers that he had around him. Reagan would invariably listen to their concerns on various matters he would sometimes leave his advisers debate the topic on dedicate without intervening in either side till both sides were finished. Reagan would seriously listen to both sides before then making the final decision on the matter on hand. Reagan did this as he felt if he gave his opinion at the start it would influences the debates, as he felt some times his advisers picked the side of the president. DSouza also it makes it very clear that he and other advisers never had any trouble approaching Reagan on any matter and that he was always friendly. A truly great leader is approachable at all times, a person who employees do not venerate of going to or ar not afraid to give their opinions on matters which are of concern to them.MotivationAccording to Burke motivation is an midland force that causes or induces someone to be inspired to do something (Burke, 2007). It is important to note that what inspires one person may or may not inspire someone else. It is up the manager to influence this working environs which encourages the individual in question to motivate them in such a way that they achieve the project goals set out.DSouza highlights many situations where the staffs working for Reagan were make to work. such examples where we see how the staff where make include Reagan handing over many sections of the running of the country to his advisers and aides. By giving his staff more business for the running of the country they were motivated to work as it gave them a mavin of achievement. Reagan also encouraged his staff to lead a balanced life, hang 5 O Clock he would often he would go into the various offices in the white office telling his workers to go home. This motivated them as they felt the president cared for them and their families as he wanted them to lead a balance life style between work and at home. nonpareil of Reagan famous quotes dealing with issue of hard work its authentic hard work never killed anybody, but I figure, why take the chance? .This quotation is typically of Reagan showing his humorous side and his take on wo rk.Working with stakeholdersStakeholders are people who are either actively involved in the project in hand or who are effected by the project be implemented. It is the leaders job to locate all the stakeholders and to determine their expectations. These expectations should be managed to determine its success (Burke, 2007).In How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader we see that Reagans stakeholders were the general public. It is the people who are affected by every decision that Reagan makes. To work with his stakeholders Reagan did his take up to communicate with them. Reagan would call press conferences in which he would inform the nation in the most simplicity way that he could the topic that was on hand. Reagan believed it was best telling the public in the simplicity of ways as it gave them of a clear fit of what needs to be done. The other stakeholders working with Reagan were his advisers and aides, Reagan would always encourage them to contribute their skills a nd knowledge on the topic on hand as he believed it was vital for the success of the project.OptimismThroughout the book with can see that Reagan was always optimism. DSouza gives many quotes from Reagan through out the book showing his optimism such quotes include To believe that together we can and will, with Gods help, resolve the problems that now confront us. Which Reagan gave in his first inaugural address Reagan was trying to be optimistic telling the nation that better times were ahead. Having optimism is very important when been a leader as it offers hope to your followers.Accountability some other important trait that Reagan held is that Reagan was not afraid to hold people office we see an example of this is when on August 1981 workers in the Professional railway line Traffic Controllers Organization walked went on hydrant in an organized strike they demands been a reduce working week to 32 hour week. When the contact air traffic controllers refused to return to work, Reagan fired them and banned each of the members from federal service for life. Ronald Reagan the air traffic control workers accountable. This is action of a beloved leader as he shows he willingly hold people responsibility while also being strong.LikeableTo be a broad(a) leader you must be appealing. The more likeable a leader is the more people will follow him as people tend not to follow people they dislike. Reagan was vey much a likeable man, throughout the book we see that he was described by people who worked for him as a kind and a decent person. A lot of the time Reagan would use humour which people enjoyed if they werent on the receiving end. Reagan would often use humour to avoid answers from the press or to win crucial arguments in public debates.Admit MistakesA key component to any good leader is to been able to admit to your own mistakes. This is very important as through your life time you will make mistakes, and a good leader will put his hand up and admit tha t he is rail at, he will the move on. An example of this we see when Reagan admits that he is wrong through the intervention in Lebanon. One of Reagan policies was to intervene in other countries policies in order to preserve democracy but this had devastating consequences when in Lebanon an attack on an army barks killed 240 American soldiers. Reagan was quick to realise his mistake and quickly withdrew from the area. Being able to recognise your mistakes is a key factor in becoming a good leader.ConclusionFrom reading this book we learn some important lessons on leadership. We learn how one man Ronald Reagan used the different leadership skills to achieve so much while in office. We learn the enormousness of been able to communicate and how important it is to be able to communicate your visions with your followers. One of the most important lessons we learn is how importance is it to reduce your visions to the simplest terms so that your followers will be able to understand the m. We learn how to deal with conflicts and how to resolve them as through out the book we see how Reagan resolved various conflicts. On the bigger picture we learn about the different leadership skills and how important that they are in order to be an effective leader. By reading this book the ref will quickly learn how important it is to know the key requires of being a good leader.Reason why you choose this bookOne of the main reasons why I choose this book Ronald Regan How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader by Dinesh, is that I feel that it would be very beneficial to a young receive engineer entering the workforce. This book gives us an insight into the life of possible one of the worlds greatest ever leaders Ronald Reagan the 40th president of America. From this book we learn about the different leadership skills that Reagan possessed. I feel it is truly amazing how a man who came from such an ordinary background managed to be elected as the most powerful person i n the world. Reagan came from a working class background whose father was an Irish emigrant. Through out his education period Regan was an mean(a) achiever he obtained a grade C in his finals, however he still managed to become president of United States of America. Not hardly did Reagan manage to become president, but he also accomplished many achievements that will never be forgotten in history. From reading this book the reader will learn about the different traits that a good leader must have.The achievements that Reagan managed to accomplish through out his terms in office are truly inspiring. Some of his most noticeable achievements include introducing new economic initiatives to help America recover from the 1980s recession, introducing policies to help with the energy crisis that was happening at the time, introducing substantial tax cuts in 1981, one of his greatest achievements that Reagan will always be remember was the part he played in ending the cold war, as Margare t Thatcher the British run aground minister later recalled He ended the cold war without paper bag a bullet. I feel that a lot can be learnt from reading this book as the reader learns how Reagan used his leadership skills to choose America through a difficult period in their history. We see many of his leadership skills that he possessed been deployed through this book. Achieving the above achievements as mentioning above takes a special kind of leader, a leader that has all the known leadership skills, this enforced my reason for the selection of this book.How is this relevant to graduate engineers?I feel that this book would be of huge benefit to a graduate engineer going into the workforce as it demonstrates how such an ordinary man became such an inspiring leader. Throughout the book we can see the characteristics of Ronald Reagan that made him such a great leader. As an engineer you are expected to lead large groups with such a diversity of talents on a range of different a nd complex jobs, even though the groups you will be leading wont be as large as the groups Ronald Reagan had to the lead, the basic traits of a good leader are the same. These traits that Reagan used are highlighted by DSouza throughout the book.By reading this book we see how Reagan managed individuals and groups such as his advisers on various matters, we see his negotiations skills in action also. Such examples include when he is negotiating with Gorbachev the Soviet leader in various arms treaties. We see how he communicated with his followers we see how he resolved conflicts, such as avoiding a nuclear war with Russia during the cold war. We see how he used motivation to encourage the productivity of his staff, such as handing over more responsibility to his staff they felt that had a personal achievement if they got the task done.Throughout the career of an engineer he/she will have to put to the test their management skills, negotiations and conflict skills communication and motivation skills this book will help in understanding theses key skills and how an ordinary man managed to mobilise them to great effect. As engineer you will be set about with a varied of different challenges that will test your leadership skills by reading this book the reader will understand the concepts of a good leader. I feel that many of the techniques that Reagan used during his time in office to lead the nation, are very applicable to us engineers.

Student Essay -- essays research papers

The sure advertising for orders CE department is non helping sales. In fact in nearly cases, it may be hurting sales. This section will address tapers current advertising strategy and the problems associated with it. Then alternative methods of promoting Target as a credible CE department with large anatomy of products will be proposed. Targets commercialiseds are currently exhibit clips of music videos for approximately 20 seconds, followed by less than a 10 second advertisement announcing that Target carries that particular artisans CD. This advertisement may be hurting your CE sales. The viewer is made informed of this popular artists recent album release, and the consumers maiden thought is not who is carrying it, but which retailer is closest him/her because that popular artist will be sold everywhere. This is ineffective advertisement. Another Target commercial flashes a multitude of Target trademark symbols, a few CE products, current selection of seasonal clothes, and our current spokes dog. This commercial is also ineffective. This current advertisement strategy does not give the viewer something to focus on, and it does not create a need to buy products from Target. Instead, it is advertising on behalf of whole major retailers.It is essential that Target starts advertising Target, not just the products it carries. commercialized advertisements need to stress customer service, product variety, and product quality. The first meter is finding a representative for commerc...

Huckleberry Finn in High Schools :: essays papers

Huckleberry Finn in last shallowsHigh Schools in the United States should not ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This book is angiotensin converting enzyme of the approximately important components of American literature in our libraries to sidereal day, it throws the reader into a succession when slavery was lawful and accepted, and gives the reader a new perspective on slavery in general. Until civil rights groups can come up with a better argument than the word nigger creating a hostile serve environment(Zwick) it should not be taken off the required breeding list of any High School in the country.Every one hundred years dialects change and what is considered politically correct, or socially acceptable, changes. David Bradley argues that if wed eradicated the problem of racism in our participation, Huckleberry Finn would be the easiest book in the dry land to teach (Zwick, Jim. Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?). If we, as a nation, make it a station to rule out al l books that could possibly offend students, therefore every hundred years or so our library of American Literature will be completely different. Even today, modern day authors use vulgar language, lurid sexual content, and racial slurs to get their point across. If The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is taken off of required reading lists across the country, then that could relieve oneself a never-ending cycle of books being taken off of train shelves every time words and ideas become unacceptable. If this is the way that American society is turning then something must be done, and the Superintendents, Deans, and Principals of every High School around the country must take it upon themselves to do it because the students will not.The batch who are trying to ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are only trying to gormandize out a part of American storey that they would just as soon be forgotten, but every part of American history needs to be dealt with and accepted by everyon e at a early days age. Trying to shield students from any important part of history is a crime within itself. Hannibal, Missouri is a prime example of this caseful of crime. Every year they have a citywide celebration of patsy Twain, but they do not celebrate The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn or The Tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson nor do they teach it in their schools. Best stated by Shelly Fisher Fishkin, the field of operation company in Hannibal was upholding a long American tradition of make slavery and its legacy and blacks themselves invisible(Zwick, Jim.

Is Penn State tuition too expensive? :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Is Penn State teaching too expensive? The dada State University is unmatchable of the biggest state universities in the nation, with over 40,000 students currently enrolled in that university system. It is also a very old school, with its 150th birthday overture up in the year of 2005. Over the last one and a half century, Penn State has produced the most number of alumni in the world. In my major, meteorology alone, famous alumni such as Jon M. Nese, Greg Forbes, and Joe Bastardi are contributing their invaluable noesis to the world in the science of meteorology. They are often seen in the interior(a) broadcasts. These are some of the major factors attracting perspective students to attend Penn State. Do you always think about the cost of attention Penn State since Penn State is one of the most expensive public institutions in the United States?Lets consider how expensive Penn State is for students. Is it worth as much as $20,000 per year for in-state residents, and is it wo rth as much as $30,000 per year for students spiritedness outside of Pennsylvania? More and more students change their final decisions collectible to the expensive cost of attending specific colleges or universities. Towards these issues, I impart perform a detailed evaluation so that students can be informed about the cost of tuition at Penn State. First of all, analyse the price tags of going to Penn State and other similar colleges will exit a basic sense on how expensive Penn State is sex act to others. For midwestern public universities that have tight the same sizes in enrollment compared to Penn State, the tuition of Penn State is by far more expensive than those Midwestern colleges. Lets consider Michigan State University, with an enrollment of more or less 35,000. The in-state tuition for Michigan State University is about $6,700, while the out-of-state tuition is blotto to $16,700 (Michigan 2004). On the other hand, Penn StateUniversity Park, has a student popula tion of nearly 34,000 students. The in-state and out-of-state tuitions at Penn State are at least $2,000 more than the tuitions for attending Michigan State (PSU Registrar 2004). Penn States annual tuition is 30% more expensive than some public universities in the Midwest. iodine may argue that the difference in tuition is due to the spot of the universities. This is not true at all, and I will provide designate that will show that there is a weak or no correlation between the public universitys location and the tuition rate.

My Antonia Essay: Contrasts between the Hired Girls and the Black Hawk

Contrasts between the Hired Girls and the melanise chaffer Women in My Antonia Willa Cather draws a stark railway line between the respectable women of depressed Hawk and the hire girls in books II and III of My Antonia through Jims essential attachment to them. The hired girls are all(prenominal) immigrants who work in Black Hawk as servants to help support their families in the country. They are tireless and charming. They are simple and complicated. They are sad and joyful. They work all twenty-four hour period and dance all night. For Jim they are the more or less interesting people who remain in Black Hawk. The respectable women are boring and predictable. They all go to bed at the same time every night and foil up at the same time every morning. Their whole lives comprise of a series of daily routines. Most of the men in Black Hawk find the hired girls irresistible. They may raze flirt with all or one of them for a while, but inevitably when they are ca-ca to s ettle down, they choose a respectable woman to marry. After having an reason awakening at college and reuniting with Lena Lingard, one of the hired girls, Jim discovers that if there were no girls wish them in the world, there would be no poetry (Cather 173). At this backsheesh he realizes why he preferred the company of Tiny, Lena, and Antonia to that of even the wholesome-nigh(prenominal) well refined girl in Black Hawk. These girls embodied life, wilderness, adventure, and goodness. To Jim, they jibe all that is beautiful and romantic about life on the prairie in a way that no well-respected Black Hawk woman can. The hired girls had lived trying lives. They had grown up in the hardest times of their families. Because they worked to support the family, most had not received any ty... ...ares about Jim so much that she leave not allow him to be held down by herself or anybody else, even a dear friend like Lena Lingard. The hired girls are all-important(prenominal) chara cters in My Antonia both as a connection to the country and contrast against the respectable women in Black Hawk and as comparison figures for the most important hired girl, Antonia. Their success is ironic because of their meek beginnings, and says something about the range of poverty. Through them, the dealer is shown the value of overcoming obstacles with hard work. The vivid descriptions of them, as well as Jims attraction to them really make them objects of poetry to read about. They ultimately show a lot about Antonia in their similarities and dissimilarities to her. industrial plant Cited Cather, Willa. My Antonia. 1918. Foreword Kathleen Norris. Boston Houghton, 1995.

Marion Pritchard :: essays research papers

MARION PRITCHARDMarion Pritchard was born in Amsterdam, Holland in 1920. Her arrive was a judge who treated her with love, respect and caring. Her mother lived in Britain. Marion would reprimand her mother who resided there. Marion watched the German invasion on May 10, 1940, and as anti-semitic laws were passed, she told her Jewish friends to escape or to hide. Her father was not Jewish however, he was disappointed that the Dutch goernment did not do more to servicing Jewish refugees.As Hitler rose to power she watched many children being thrown into trucks which encouraged her assist in the rescue effort. Marion remembered two soldiers joking nearly picking up small children by the arms, legs, and hair, and tossing them around. In 1942 she took in the Polak family and hid them in a tiny space under her living room. Her friends would give her take out and other healthy foods to feed the Jews. One night a Dutch police officer acting for the Nazi regime knocked on her adit ve ry early in the morning. A neighbor had reported that she was concealment a Jewish family. She knew she would be sent to a concentration bivouac along with the Polak family if they were found. Marion believed that it was either the officer or the children, and so she shot the officer.Afterwards, a gay Jew ballet teacher took the dead body out of Marions house at night and took it in a cart to the funeral undertaker. The undertaker put the officers body in a place which was soon to be buried. Marion was lucky that the police officer was not missed.She hid over 150 people from the Nazis but some Jews were found and killed. The Nazi multitude murdered about 110,000 of the Netherlands 140,000 Jewish citizens. After the war was over the Polaks came out of hiding. The mother who had been separated from the Polak family was reunited with them.Marion decided to work for the United Nations relief and reclamation Administrations Displaced Persons camps to find her Jewish friends.

The Weak Theory of Evolution Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Argumen

The Weak Theory of Evolution One of the nigh contested issues in the creation/evolution debate is the origin of the spunk. Creationists show the philia as the pinnacle of complex design evolutionists see the eye as the accumulation of sm whole mutations preserved by natural selection. Charles Darwin started the leaning with an argument that is widely quoted by both sides To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, smashed in the highest degree. When it was first said that the sun stood still and the world fuelcelled round, the common sense of mankind declared the doctrine false moreover the old saying of Vox populi, vox Dei, as every philosopher knows, can non be trusted in science. Reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a simple and infirm eye to one complex and perfect can be shown to exist, each grade being useful to its possessor, as is certainly the case if further, the eye ever varies and the variations be inherited, as is likewise certainly the case and if much(prenominal) variations should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life, and then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, should not be considered as subversive of the theory.1 Not surprisingly, cre... ...empt to impute the difficulty of imagining evolutionary pathways to the critic. The only difference is that Dawkins version is more aggressively ad hominem. However, the dishonor does not lie in the critic barely in the Continuum Argument. It is not the critics job to imagine evolutionary pathways it is the believers job to demonstrate them without resorting to just-so stories. The philosopher David Hume once argued that we can imagine rabbits plan of attack into existence out of nowhere, and he concluded from this that in that respect is nothing contradictory in the notion that something can come from nothing. in a flash we certainly can form a mental image of rabbits coming from nowhere, as we can for the transformation of a lensless eye to a lensed eye or a steam engine to a warp engine, but we are not obliged to accept a necessary fraternity between our mental images and external reality.

Free Grapes of Wrath Essays: Steinbecks Style :: Grapes Wrath essays

Analysis of Style of The Grapes Of Wrath John Steinbecks The Grapes Of Wrath is a moving novel, full of richly metaphorical language. His typography style often evokes deep emotions, as it does in the passage reprinted below, by creating a clear picture in your mind of what hes trying to say. In this selection, he enforces a strong image in the readers mind you cannot escape your past, which will be with you no matter where you go or what you do. This message is enforced through a combination of wit and style in his writing that is rarely inst every among literary works. But you cant start. Only a pamper can start. You and mewhy, were all thats been. That anger of a moment, the universal gravitational constant pictures, thats us. This land, this red land, is us and the flood days and the drought years are us. We cant start again. The bitterness we change to the toss humannesshe got it all right, but we have it still. And when the owner man told us to go, thats us and whe n the tractor hit the house, thats us until were deathly. To California or any placeevery one a drum major leading a parade of hurts, marching with our bitterness. And some(a) daythe armies of bitterness will all be going the resembling way. And theyll all walk together and therell be a gone terror from it. (ch. 9, p. 11) An important point that Steinbeck tries to deliver is the significance of memory. The bitterness we sold to the junk manhe got it all right, but we have it still. in spite of having rid themselves of the physical presence of reminders of past woes, the mental image and offend still remain. Just because there isnt anything around to provide render of something happening doesnt mean that it will go away. You and mewhy, were all thats been, he wrotepeople are defined by their experiences as memories, not by what is around them. Ones character is influence from within, by his mind and his thoughts, not what he surrounds himself with in the external world. Stei nbecks word choice has a very significant impact on the effectiveness of his writing. By using words and phrases like junk man, dead terror, and the repetition of the words bitterness and dead, he drives his point home in a very matter-of-fact sort of way.

In Christa Wolfs Cassandra, the story of the fall of Troy is cleverly

In Christa Wolfs Cassandra, the story of the fall of troy weight is modishly retold in a soliloquy that focuses on patriarchy and war.In Christa Wolfs Cassandra, the story of the fall of Troy is cleverlyretold in a monologue that focuses on patriarchy and war. The noveltells the description of the Trojan War by means of the eyes of Cassandra, who isthe daughter of Priam and prisoner of Agamemnon. composition reading thebook, the reader must wonder what changes Troy is going through beforeand subsequently the war. In the months leading up to the war, changes toTroy were already starting to develop as its tension with Greeceincreased. However, these changes didnt become obvious until afterthe war was over with.In the beginning, Troy was meant to be a sinless city built by theGods. After it was taken over by humans, it was a proud and happy citythat was full of freedom. The women in Troy were especially free,given most of the same freedoms as men were given. magnate Priam andQue en Hecuba ruled together and made mutual decisions. Other women inthe city were given important positions as well. This is what madeTroy a special city, unique from the other cities at the time. As thetension mingled with Troy and Greece heightened, Troy did everything in itspower to ward off the Greeks. The Trojans were know to be a race ofkind people who fought with honor. The Greeks, however, were known asthe bad boys and never fought by the rules. This is illustratedthroughout the war, ...

Abortion is Bad :: essays research papers

Do you consider something with a beating heart a biography creature? A babies heart melodic phrases and starts beating in the ordinal week of pregnancy, therefor, that would make abortion murder. The baby that is growing inside of you is depending on you, so when you make the survival of the fittest to end that life, you atomic number 18 making the choice to murder another person.Someone that believes in the pro-choice theory would check out that the decision is up to the woman, but the person with the pro-life theory would hypothesise that it is murder no matter what the military post. Would you consider it murder to kill a baby the day after it is born? Then why would it not be murder to kill it before it is born? If it is impossible to abort a baby in the ninth month, then what makes it ok to do in the fifth or sixth month. (Carl Sagan & Ann Druyan).Many abortions argon perormed apiece year in the United States. 75% of all abortions in the U.S. are performed on women ove r 20 years of age, but the lawmakers try to sign up on the 186,000 teens that have an abortion each year. In 1990, there were almost 400 abortion bills were introduced to 41 legislatures. So far, as many as 20 states have passed laws that requires a teenager to have a parents respond before having an abortion. This may help reduce the number of abortions each year, the stack that passed these bills feel that maybe the parents will feel differently about the situation and be able to talk their child out of it. 20% of teens that are sexually active do not use any form of birth control, these are the teens that end up get pregnant and getting an abortion. If these girls would use some kind of contraceptive it could stop a look at of the abortions performed each year. If you think about it, it is so much easier to take a pill then it is to be pregnant and have to decide on the life of another person. When you feel that you are responsible enough to put down in sexual activity, yo u should also feel that you a resonsible enough to get along with the consequences that follow. Abortions are considered the easy was out. I feel that abortions are just selfish. in that location is no easy way out. I could not imagine living with the guilt of taking anothers life, especially the life of something that I created, and that is dependant of me.

Influence of the Spanish on Puerto Rican Society :: Puerto Rico History Historical Essays

figure out of the Spanish on Puerto Rican SocietyIn the histories of Colonial Latin the States there is one common aspect and that is the importation of slaves as a labor force. The takingsing consequences for the territory are vital if we are to understand the teaching of the society. In Puerto Rico these consequences deal mainly with African influence on the peasantry, the corrective measures taken thereafter to negate the African influence, and the results of these corrective measures.The Tainos, the natives of Puerto Rico, were huge agriculturalists as well as a highly organized people. They actual techniques, such as irrigation, which was new to agriculture and at the same date increased the productivity of their crops, like the yuca their main staple. Another unique frisk to the Taino society was the relationship between man and woman. The Tainos gender roles were markedly different from those of the European nations. For example the matrilineal arrangements allowed both men and women to exit the chiefs of their respective villages. Spanish settlers were critical, upon arrival, of the Taino lifestyle. Unfortunately Taino influence is rarely felt receivable to their rapid demise.Although the natives of Borikn were Taino, it is argued that the first Puerto Ricans were black Puerto Ricans. Spanish occupation just about eliminated Native influences by the manner of the decimation of the people as a result of disease brought across the atlantic by the Spanish settlers. In this way the Taino were minimally influential in forming a new cultural identity. The posterity of the first African slaves had already become black Puerto Ricans(Gonzlez 10) when Spaniards from the canary islands arrived to transpose those who had left in search of riches in Peru and Mexico. For this reason it is executable to accept the notion that the Puerto Ricans were in fact black Puerto Ricans. (Gonzlez 10) The African posture was more of a factor in the formation proces s of the Puerto Rican identity. Of the colossal numbers of slaves who survived the voyage there were those who were fortunate enough to escape into the hinterland. here(predicate) they found refuge from the hardship of plantation labor along with the probability to join the peasantry that also searched for refuge. The jbaros used the broken topography of the interior as an ally in its struggle with the expanding sugar plantations (Scarano 6) This intermixing of the two cultures forged several(prenominal) similarities.