Passage Analysis- A Farewell to Arms :: essays research papers

One measure of a powerful writer lies in her ability to write literature in which any passage can be set apart from its context and still express the qualities of the whole. When this occurs, the integrated insight of the entire work is a sign of true artistry. Ernest Hemingway, an author of the Lost Generation, was one much(prenominal) writer who mastered the art of investing simple condemn structure with layers of complex meaning. Hemingway, who was a journalist in the earlier years of his writing career, was known for writing in a declarative or frizzly style of prose. The depth of emotion and meaning that he conveyed through such minimalistic text is astounding. He also experimented with a stream-of-consciousness technique developed by writers such as James Joyce and William Faulkner to an interior dimension to his prose. In A Farewell to Arms, the story of wartime romance between an American soldier in the Italian Army, Frederic, and Catherine, the British nurse who cares f or him, there are a multitude of passages which could easily stand alone as poetry because of their symbolic meaning. However, when these exceptional passages are woven into the framework of the novel as a whole, the reader is able to reach an even greater level of understanding. One extraordinary passage is found near the complete of the novel during which Frederic Henry agonizes over the danger his lovers in while she struggles with the birth of their baby. By juxtaposing the imminent birth of Frederics child with the likely death of his beloved, Hemingway explores a deep ambivalence about the meaning of life and loss. finishedout this passage, structure plays an important role in illuminating Frederics activated metamorphosis from concern to desperation.The passage opens with Frederic watching poor, poor dear Cat (line 1) in her apparent state of helplessness as she struggles through giving birth. Through strong word choice, Hemingway continues to display Frederics obvious co ntemptuous feelings about the biological consequences of love. He views Catherines pain and suffering as the price you pay (line 1) for harming someone. Ironically, a birth is usually shown in a positive light as the pain one suffers to birth a child pales in likeness to the tremendous joy of receiving a newborn baby. Despite conventions, Frederic feels as if he has been trapped by some malignant force of life and is anything but blessed about the impending birth.

The Impact of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Sports Essay -- Steroids

The Impact of Performance Enhancing Drugs on SportsOne of the major issues in the password recently has been the use of performance enhancing substances in sports. This topic has been the subject of many front-page headlines in many publications, from sports magazines to newspapers. A recent scandal involving a San Francisco speak Area laboratory, BALCO Laboratories, has brought this issue to the forefront, and its really gotten a lot of attention because this case has led to a 42 count federal indictment by the U.S. attorney General.1 Another question can be asked as well Should these performance-enhancing substances be allowed in sports?First of all, what exactly argon performance-enhancing substances? They ar just what they are called substances that are used for enhancing performance. The use of these substances is of particular concern to agencies that govern sports, especially amateur sports. Some examples of performance enhancers that are used are anabolic steroids, stimulants, diuretics, and other alternatives. Steroids are chemicals that are typically produced by the human body as a way to regulate various bodily functions. Anabolic versions are used to adjoin muscle mass and endurance.2 Unfortunately, steroid and drug use in sports is nothing new. Until 2003, the most famous case of steroid use probably occurred at the 1988 exceptional Games. Some of you may remember the 100-meter race between U.S. athlete Carl Lewis and Canadian athlete Ben Johnson. After the race had been run, with Johnson emerging as the winner, a drug strain was taken by Johnson and it came out positive for steroids, meaning that he would have to forfeit his gold medal.3 Another famous, and more recent, example occurred in 1... ...Chemist, 2003, ESPN 29 Feb 2004, http//espn.go.com/gen/news/2003/1112/1659917.html11 Ashley 22.12 ?U.S. Drug Ring Aided Top Jocks,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Feb 2004A113 ?Drugs Involved In BALCO Case,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Fe b 2004A23. Both drugs named here are covered by this endnote.14 ?Drugs Involved In BALCO Case,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Feb 2004A23.15 United States Anti-Doping Agency. Guide to Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods of Doping. 2004.http//www.usantidoping.org/files/USADA_Guide.pdf16 Rachels, John. ?The Elements of Moral Philosophy.? p. 9217 Rachels 108.18 Kowalski 13.19 Rachels 202.20 Rachels 121. Also see Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant, 1875.21 Rachels 173-4.22 Rachels 174.23 Schnirring 16.24 Schnirring 16.

Just another Crazy Woman on the edge of Time :: Woman on the edge of Time Essays

Just another Crazy Woman on the edge of Time In Woman on the edge of Time, by brim Piercy, a middle aged Chi batcha woman from New York finds out that she a can communicate with the prox. She finds herself able to be in more than ane time. She is, as far as we know, the first to be able to do this. There were others, but they exclusively closed themselves off, thinking themselves insane when the voices from the future began to speak. Connies fellowship was probably simpler because of the similarities between the world in which she lived now (in the mental hospital) and the world of the future. The societal systems of the two worlds argon very similar. If you exclude the doctors of the mental hospital, all ar equal. Each ward can be a different village, with different cultures and governmental systems. Connie moves from ward to ward in her time as she moves from townsfolkship to town in Lucientes time. In each ward (as in each village) she learns something new. In the firs t, she gives up and accepts. In the second she survives and struggles to keep her sanity. In the trey she learns the compulsion of the fight. Each ward has something new to experience. In each village, she learns a new idea/concept/truth about the way her world (outside the hospital) rattling is quite of how she sees it. In the mental ward, thither is no economic system. Sure, money exists, but it doesnt come from inside the ward. It is an alien thing a luxury as are all of the others. The wards that Connie lives in are all filled with their own luxuries. In one, you find card tables and card, puzzles and chairs. In another ward there are separate rooms and bathrooms with doors, all of which are shared by the general public (the patients). There is no special treatment. Who ever wants to use the separate or the puzzles can. Almost like the dresses/costumes that are rented from the library in Mattapoisett time. There, we use bicycles as we find them. Any bike not in use, I ca n use. (p 364). If the cards arent being used buy someone else, you have every right to use them. People are just as free. Relationships in the future are a bit more open than those that Connie has had.Just another Crazy Woman on the edge of Time Woman on the edge of Time EssaysJust another Crazy Woman on the edge of Time In Woman on the edge of Time, by Marge Piercy, a middle aged Chicana woman from New York finds out that she a can communicate with the future. She finds herself able to be in more than one time. She is, as far as we know, the first to be able to do this. There were others, but they all closed themselves off, thinking themselves insane when the voices from the future began to speak. Connies connection was probably simpler because of the similarities between the world in which she lived now (in the mental hospital) and the world of the future. The societal systems of the two worlds are very similar. If you exclude the doctors of the mental hospital, all are e qual. Each ward can be a different village, with different cultures and governmental systems. Connie moves from ward to ward in her time as she moves from town to town in Lucientes time. In each ward (as in each village) she learns something new. In the first, she gives up and accepts. In the second she survives and struggles to keep her sanity. In the third she learns the necessity of the fight. Each ward has something new to experience. In each village, she learns a new idea/concept/truth about the way her world (outside the hospital) really is instead of how she sees it. In the mental ward, there is no economic system. Sure, money exists, but it doesnt come from inside the ward. It is an alien thing a luxury as are all of the others. The wards that Connie lives in are all filled with their own luxuries. In one, you find card tables and cards, puzzles and chairs. In another ward there are separate rooms and bathrooms with doors, all of which are shared by the general public (the patients). There is no special treatment. Who ever wants to use the cards or the puzzles can. Almost like the dresses/costumes that are rented from the library in Mattapoisett time. There, we use bicycles as we find them. Any bike not in use, I can use. (p 364). If the cards arent being used buy someone else, you have every right to use them. People are just as free. Relationships in the future are a bit more open than those that Connie has had.

Toward Effective Emotional Intelligence Simulation Essay -- Psychology

The ability to understand the emotions of others is critical for successful interactions among humans (Dias & Paiva, 2009 Kazemifard, Ghasem-Aghaee, & ren, 2010). The psychological theory of stimulated intelligence (EI) proposes four categories of applicable abilities (Mayer & Salovey, 1997) (1) identifying emotions, (2) intellectual emotions, (3) using emotions in thought processes, and (4) managing emotions. This research focuses on emotion understanding, the cognitive activity of making inferences using emotional knowledge about why an agent is in an emotional state (e.g., unfair treatment makes an individual angry) and which actions are associated with the emotional state (e.g., an angry individual attacks others). Such emotion understanding in humans develops through their experiences with other agents. How might such learning in humans inform a model to enable artificial emotional agents to develop emotion understanding? Our approach to answering this question proposes a mod el of emotion understanding that combines psychological theories of episodic and semantic memory with ...

Invisible Man Essay: Shedding Fear -- Invisible Man Essays

Shedding Fear in Invisible Man Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison explores the issues of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness done the protagonist Invisible Man. Invisible Man is not giving a name. Ellison explores how unalienable rights cannot be harbored without freedom from the obstacles in life - especially from ones own fears. several(prenominal) major characters affect the protagonist. One of the major characters is Dr. Bledsoe, who is the president of the school. Dr. Bledsoe had a major effect on the main character, because the friend idolizes him. He was every thing that I hope to be, (Ellison 99), but the Dr. Bledsoe degrades him when we says Why, the dumbest black bastard in the cotton patch knows that the only way to please a white man is to tell him a lie (Emerson 137) and calls him a Nigger. In addition, the athletic supporter grandfather had a major effect on him. The Protagonists grandfather last word, Live in the Lions mouth (Ellison 16) has a lasting ef fect on him throughout most of the novel. Finally and most important, Ras the Destroyer, whom the Protagonist fears whom along with Dr. Bledsoe in a separate encountering calls him a better fool (Ellison 140). The first encounter of the Protagonist own fears is introduce when his grandfather s tells the Protagonist to go against the white man by overcome em with yeses (Emerson 16). These words haunts the Protagonist when he is kicked out getting kicked out of college. When Dr. Bledsoe kicks him out of college, the Protagonist reflects on his grandfather last words undermine em with grins, agree em to death(Emerson 16). For a moment, the Protagonist wonders if his grandfather might be right. Howev... ...ld not let him rest. He states that Im an invisible man and it placed me in a hole- or showed me the hole I was in.(Ellison Epilogue). This is an effective metaphor, because that is where life left him. As stated by a German Philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, A snake that does not shed its skin will reach. The Protagonist realized he must shed his metaphorical skin of fear and denial of world a Negro in order to obtain his unalienable which are rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The freedom he obtains through shedding his skin is that he knows he is free to be himself without the fear of not being accepted. Works Cited Ellison, Ralph. The Invisible Man. New York, Vintage Books Latu, Susan. School Web Site. 1998. Phillips, Elizabeth C. Monarch Notes Ralph Ellison Invisible Man. New York, Monarch

cordless tech :: essays research papers fc

A Cordless Future Wireless technology, from cell phones to phone line networks is revolutionizing the world we live in. Now we can access the Internet while in our cars, on the beach, and even at dinner. This shiver of technology will concisely be felt in full force as we begin to travel with the assistance of a computer, run businesses with high quality networks, and check destruction nights game on our digital phones and personal digital assistants (PDA). Advancements do by wireless technology are allowing us greater degrees of freedom, security, and efficiency. Cars are feeling the wave of wireless technology as we speak. General Motors Corp.s navigation systems subsidiary, OnStar Communications, will provide drivers voice access to the Internet, starting with 30 of its 2001 models. The OnStar service provides airbag deployment notification, remote entry un secure, location services, stolen-vehicle tracking, and remote diagnostics (Wallace). It is easy to see why this techno logy is sought after, authorities will arrive on the seen faster, thieves will be detoured, and locking ones keys in the car wont incorporate the vandalistic approach once used. Also it is figured that 50-80% of all cellular phone calls are made from vehicles, with this new technology voice activated technology, users can expect to have both hands free while talking. With the new services, drivers will set up profiles from their desktop PC that are then kept on servers in OnStars service centers. With a hands free, voice-activated interface, OnStar subscribers will use voice prompts, much(prenominal) as Start my E-mail or Start my stock quotes to receive information via the Internet. The service will convert Internet text to speech and immortalize the information via synthesizes voice (Wallace). And if that isnt enough, the price ranges from $199 to $399 a year, a great buy, as it will cut ones insurance bill shovel in to size. Trucking companies are also using wireless connectio ns to the Internet. Wireless Internet access is just fine with ePaccar, a division of truck maker Paccar Inc. in Mt Vernon, Wash. The unit is building a package that will let truck drivers access more than weather and directions using a wireless Windows CE device in their cabs. The commercial transportation industry is working on razor-thin profit margins and is fiercely competitive, so the ability to provide the blistering and most fuel-efficient highroad saves truckers time and money. And providing them with wireless access to load-brokering sites lets them pick up more cargo and make more money without deviating much from their original route (Wallace, Wireless Everything).

Plato vs Aristotle Essay

Theatre is said to be a per stageing art that is al itinerarys changing and whose every performance is unique (Downs 472). magic spell there is a set definition of theatre, there hasnt been a set reason as to why we do theatre, and many people such(prenominal) as Aristotle and Plato have come to a disagreement as to what that very nature is. However as a Christian I would have to put forward that I disagree with the philosophy of Plato and do believe that theatre helps open the mind of the viewers to see the world through a whole incompatible lens.Plato argues that theatre should yet be anyowed if we ensure that it contains only characters that atomic number 18 suitable as situation models, because it manipulates the look people think and make them forget who they argon (Downs 6-7). However I believe that Plato really didnt want viewers to see the world as it really was. Its like Plato along with those who installed these beliefs in him wanted us to see a picture perfect worl d that didnt really exist. The sad thing is that to some extent the government allay control the way we view things through other entertainment. Platos view reminds me of the Christian nature.Take North Central and all their rules, for example. Students may non tap or attend any event that serves alcohol, students are not permitted to visit any other students of the opposite sex outside of visitation hours, students are only permitted to watch movies rated PG 13 on campus, students arent allowed any piercings but ears and nose and if they have any others, it shall be removed, they are only allowed to potpourri their hair to native colors, and the restrictions of certain websites such as Victoria secret etc, during internet usage (NCU Student Guide).Its like they are telling us that we can designate ourselves in however we choose to, but at the same time place a line up as to how far we can go and choices as to the only ways we can express ourselves, afraid that how we dress, what we watch, listen to and do is going to stop us from being Christians. But no payoff how many rules there are, North Central cant become this picture perfect place, they cant hide how life really is and form us into something we are not.I understand that they want to protect us and do whats best. However hiding how things really are by putting us into a shell only makes things more complicated in the end. According to Websters dictionary, a purpose-model is a person whose behavior in a particular role is imitated by others (Webster Online). Plato said that theatre should only be allowed if they have characters that are role models (Downs 7), but who determines what or who a good role model is? A role model isnt just one particular type of person.A role model can come in many different forms. Most people look for role models who have been through what they have been through, and overcame obstacles they faced in life that the particular imitator is inactive trying to overcome. Besides, if Plato suggests that characters act as role models to be able to be in theatre does that mean he didnt mind if they werent role models off stage? Aristotle said nature tends towards perfection, but doesnt always attain it. We tend to be healthy but become sick, we tend to be non-violent but theres war, we tend toward love but there is hate. Therefore, we choose art and theatre to correct the deficiencies of nature by clarifying, interpreting, and idealizing life (Downs 7). I feel like this is true in so many ways, We tend to try to be perfect in everything that we do that it has in a way became our human nature. There isnt a need to be perfect, and as a Christian we all know that nobody is and will ever be perfect accept for God.We are all going to make mistakes in everything that we do, but instead of trying to cover up those mistakes, to cover up the flaws in our society to make it seem like we have a this perfect world, why not take the time to learn from them. Theatr e gives us the outlook to view our world from a different perspective and open our minds to changing the way we go about things and the way we think. Not necessarily in a negative way but a positive way. I dont think theatre is there to corrupt our minds and make us change who we are completely, but just help us expand on our outlook on life.We go on in life looking at the world as we are and as we see it and get caught up into our on daily lives and think that we are in so much need that we tend to forget those that are in greater need right in front of us. We get so carried away that everyone in a spot I have to even stop myself and ask God to help me see things through his perspective and not my own, otherwise majority of time we discharge out on whats important the most. In the bible, 1 Corinthians 922 it states, To the weak I became weak, to win the weak.I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some (NIV Bible). Theatre is there to be come what we are in a since, to hopefully reach us at our own level to save us from becoming worse than we are today. Although theatre is not the only thing that shapes us, it is one of the many aspects of life that can help us mode us into who we are, what we do, and how we thing. After I believe God gave us all our individual gifts to become like others so that we are able to be a witness to them and share his message in a way that others will understand.Work Cited Dictionary and Thesaurus Merriam-Webster Online. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. . Downs, Williams M. , Lou A. Wright, and Erik Ramsey. The Art of Theatre Then and Now. 2nd ed. capital of Massachusetts Rosenberg, 2010. Print. Downs, Williams M. , Lou A. Wright, and Erik Ramsey. The Art of Theatre Then and Now. 2nd ed. Boston Rosenberg, 2010. Print. Holy Bible. Grand Rapids, MI Zondervan, 2007. Print. Student Guide, North Central University, 2010. Print.

India’s Soft Drinks Industry Essay

1. 1. 1 INDIAS PHYSICAL RESOURCES India is a country bass of raw materials, resources and land. For this report, we ordain focus on those physical resources that be essential for the flocculent boozings manufacturing water, sugar, aluminium, power sources. With a land space of over 2. 9 million squ be kilometres (sq km) and a population of 1. 22 billion people, India has only 314,070 sq km of water (CIA World Fact book, 2012). Even though the Indian authorities has done many things do improved the situation by building water plants and water piping in the urban and rural areas, there are still about 18.5% of the population (226 million) that lack access to clean, drink adapted water (CESS INDIA, 2004) With a sophisticated water purification inst eached in our semi muted drinks plantation, A. G. Barr are able to process the unclean water into safe, drinkable water and use it for the basis of the final products. Hence, A. G. Barr will be able to hiter an alternative inebri ety source for the citizens with our soft drinks products. Next, with a total arable territory of about 1. 2 million sq km, agriculture is the biggest industry and plays a major role in the socioeconomic growth of India (Maps of India, 2012).According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2012) and the Maps of India (2012), India is the 2nd biggest world producers of sugarcane (sugar) with about 453 sugar mills located all over India. INCLUDEPICTURE http//faostat. fao. org/DesktopModules/Faostat/Im durations/T20/ChartPic_3nemzw945otecriq01oo. png? 3f2841b2-add0-4841-9dc7-5707a2a011f0 * MERGEFORMATINET Table 1 Top Production Sugar cane 2010 Source FAO Thirdly, for aluminium, India is the fifth biggest producer in the world after Australia, Guinea, Brazil and Jamaica (Maps of India, 2012).Finally, to bugger off vast economic growth and a flourishing industrial sector, the Indian governance has invested and given top precedence to the power sector of the nation and as of the 21st century, India is able to come back about 90% of its own energy through and through (Maps of India, 2012) Thermal/Coal Power Hydro Power Re rawbornable Resources Power atomic Power With roughly of the raw materials and resources readily available in India, the price for these materials will be relatively standard and imprint. Hence, this will lower the cost of take.This is a key factor in venturing into the India market as A. G. Barr require a colossal amount of clean water and sugar to produce the soft drink products. 1. 2 THREATS 1. 2. 1 INFRASTRUCTURE The infrastructure in India is one of the intimately problematic and unreliable in the world. As stated previously, even though India is able to generate 90% of its power, due to the forgetful financial position of many power supply companies, the power supplies are always inconsistent and frequently creation cut-off (India Risk overview, 2011).Hence, companies, offices and industrial plants mot if to stool their own back-up power facilities to ensure no interruption to the production processes (India Risk overview, 2011). The road and railway system in India is still undependable and many traffic congestions are resulted due to the inadequacy. Pan (Asiamoney, 2010) notes that while the Indian government are investing US$1 trillion in infrastructure from 2012 to 2017, political bureaucracy and lack of good projects are hindering the developments of infrastructure. At the same time, Roy (Euromoney, 2010) reports that while Mr.Rajiv Lall, chief executive of state-run lender al-Qaida Development Finance Company believes India infrastructure has been slowly improving, the dependable relationship between the public sector and the private sectors in infrastructure will forgo to corruption and thus may hinder the progression of big infrastructure projects. Therefore, any company that wish to venture into India soft drinks market will need to spend a sizeable amount on power g enerator and water purification facilities. This huge expenditure will put a simoleons on the initial capital enthronization and A.G. Barr need to take this into account and plan on how much of the expenditure to be transferred over to the final consumers through the products. 1. 2. 2 EDUCATION AND LABOUR According to several organizations CIA (2012), US Department of State (2011) and WEF (2011), Indias literacy rate is only at 61%. The education direct in India is low as many of the population live in poverty or the slump and unable to afford going school. Moreover, the Indian government lacks of provision of education is hindering its people to learn and receive knowledge.This result in a low skilled engageforce and the unemployment rate for youth age 15 to 24 in India is gamy at 10. 5% (CIA World Fact Book, 2012). While a soft drink company with high technology facilities and processes requires employees with minimal skills, it is still essential for these workers have a ba sic understanding and motor skills to operate the high-tech, expensive machineries. An some other end of the spectrum is those highly educated Indians where the culture technology (IT) sector is booming.These IT personnel and engineers are viable to our company as they able to manage, supervise and suitable of the higher(prenominal) ranking jobs. Hence, to ensure the workers hired have the essential skills, A. G. Barr will need to frequently conduct training programs, skills development workshops and have simple instructions which are easy to follow. 2. DEMAND CONDITIONS With the relaxation of the Indian government policy on FDIs and foreign companies, the soft drinks industry had change tremendously. As the US and EU markets are highly saturated, companies are looking into the Asian markets to expand and gain more revenues.Apart from China, Japan and South Korea, India is the 4th leading Asian soft drinks market and the market is still growing and has provided to reach its satur ation point. In 2010, there is a substantial demand for soft drinks as the market has grown by 10. 4% (Datamonitor, 2011). Datamonitor (2011) even predicts that by 2015, the Indian market will grow to a value of $5. 8 million. Table 2 shows the growth of India soft drink market from 2006 to 2010. Table 2 India soft drinks market volume million liters, 200610(e) Datamonitor (2011) also reports that as of 2010, the soft drinks industry has generated total revenues of $3.8 billion and with 50% of the total revenues, carbonates sale is the most(prenominal) profitable category. Table 3 India soft drinks market segmentation % share, by value, 2010(e) It is essential to note that currently there is a growing trend of vitamin water or nutrient water in the world as many people are becoming more health conscious. The Times (London) (2012) reports that even India is not spared from the trend as PepsiCo, together with Tata Global Beverages, intend to market the nutrient water to Indias urban, middle-class consumers where a bottle of much(prenominal) product will cost slightly higher than a standard bottled water.Hence, this could greatly affect the retail sales of carbonates. A. G. Barr has al wee altered its products to regular variants to low calorie and no added sugar variants in accordance to the gradual shift towards healthly living in the UK (A. G. Barr, 2012). For example, its popular porduct, IRN-BRU now comes in a sugar on the loose(p) variation, the IRN-BRU sugar free. Thus, the nutrient water market is another sector A. G. Barr could develop into not only in UK but also in India. 3.India has huge supporting industries for the soft drinks market and the availablity of the main(prenominal) components for a soft drinks company in India is high. There are 453 sugar mills in India and the top 6 growing states are located in the Northern, Southern and Western regions of India (Maps of India, 2012). Noteably, the Indian government has been extentsively investing in the agriculture sector to ensure that the process of the sector from raw materials to warehouse and merchandising flow smoothly. And as for the aluminium industry, India has a sizeable number of aluminium plants located mainly in Northern and Southern regions.3. 2 negociate POWER OF SUPPLIERS As inputs are readily available, suppliers are unable to provide their services or sell their products at a higher price than their competitors as it is of no loss to the soft drinks company since the company is able to get the same or better services and products from other suppliers. A. G. Barr is able to obtain the aboriginal inputs for its products through several sources in the region or state. Thus, the bargaining power of suppliers such as the packaging producers and raw materials and soft drinks ingredients producers are relatively low (Datamonitor, 2011). 3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS The power of the retailers and distributors in this market is weak as most soft drinks manufact ures work closely with the local bottling companies to distribute the ready for sale products to buyers within a certain region or sector (Datamonitor, 2011). Datamonitor (2011) also reports that with 46. 3% of the total market volume, the independent retailers such as the broken family mart shops are the main distribution channels for soft drinks but this could change with the introduction of super and hypermarkets. Thus, consumers will have a wider range of soft drinks brands to choose from.In order to gain relatively strong market share, A. G. Barr needs to do plenty of advertising and promotion. One of the strategies A. G. Barr could adopt is to set their soft drinks at a lower price than the main competitors, TCCC and PepsiCo in the rural areas while maintaining the same price in the urban areas where most of the middle-income and high-income classes have high consumer purchasing power. 4. FIRM STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY 4. 1 CULTURAL IMPACT ON FIRM STRATEGY AND STRUCTUR E A. G.Barr core strategic focus is found on the following 7 platforms (A. G.Barr, 2012) Core Brands and Markets Portfolio development Route to market Partnerships Efficient Operations People Development Sustainability To ensure these strategies and structure is maintain in other country, A. G. Barr has to train its overseas employees, make them understand and cultivate the A. G. Barr working culture. However, this will be a tough challenge in India due to the poor education and different socio-culture. Thus, A. G. Barr needs to accommodate its Western working culture with India working culture, however without losing its main mission and strategy.To ensure this is excuted properly, A. G. Barr needs to obtain a specialist in the Indian market and culture. 4. 2 RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPETITORS In India, the soft drink market is dominated by three main players The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC), PepsiCo and Parle Bisleri Ltd securing 74. 1% of the total market volume (Datamonitor, 2011 ). Table 4 India soft drinks market share % share, by volume, 2010(e) BBC News (2011) reports that TCCC planned to invest $2 billion in India to boost its market share and expected India to be in its top five markets by 2020.Meanwhile, PepsiCo intend to launch a new product, nutrient water with Tata Water targeting at the young urban consumers to gain more market shares (Pagnamenta, 2012). This shows how competitive the rivalry in the India soft drinks industry where the devil major market shares are active voicely investing and developing new products to gain more shares. 4. 3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS The big players of the India soft drinks industry are actively improving themselves and distinguishing their products through various methods. Furthermore, TCCC and PepsiCo are noteworthy world soft drinks brands which have been existing in the India market for many years.though new companies in the industry may have difficulty competing with the existing players, it may accomplish sm all success by using different production method or focusing on the lesser ventured catergories of the soft drinks markets such as health drinks and energy drinks (Datamonitor, 2011). This could be a major break through for A. G. Barr as its most popular products the IRN-BRU is low in sugar and contains additional benefits of an energy drink. In addition, the Rockstar series which are designed to target those who lead active lifestyles may be able to attract the young, urban consumers.With several advertising accolades, A. G. Barr has the knowledge and is able use the power of media to attract potential consumers and gain more market shares. 4. 4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES The main substitutes for soft drinks markets are traditonal tea and coffee, homemade juices and fresh water from the water plants or piping system. As A. G. Barr and other leading soft drinks companies have diverse products to cater to the different needs of the consumers carbonates, bottled water, juices etc this wi ll narrow down the threat of substitutes.However, the threat is still relatively support as retailers and distributors may give more shelf space for traditional tea and coffee products as they may be stored at room temperatures (Datamonitor, 2011). 5. politics BBC News (2011) reports that India is ranked 95th out of 183 nations in the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions (TICP) list. Due to the high corruption scandals among its government officials, low or imperceptible legislative work, red tape and bureaucracy, India has dropped from 87th in 2010 to 95th (BBC News, 2011).Despite its numerous intervention, corruption in India is an issue which is very difficult to get rid off since most of the political members and officals have their own agendas and are resistant to change (India Risk overview, 2011). Hence, foreign companies will faced many setbacks when they venture into the India sectors. 6. ROLE OF luck The role of chance plays a small part in factoring the so ft drinks industry as most of the technology are at it most advanced state. The only main issue currently is the Iran oil crisis.As India still refuses to cut Persian oil imports, this may lead to a huge setback if USA decides to attack Iran and ignore Indias relation with Iran (CBS News, 2012, Kennedy, 2012). With a potential strain relationship with USA, this could lead to severe freeze in the merchandise and foreign direct investments. Furthermore, the other deuce traid nations, EU and Japan, may follow suit USAs decision to cut ties with India for refusing to withdraw the purchasing of Iranian oil. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the soft drinks market in India is huge though it is predominately hold by 3 major key players.To venture into this territory, a new company need to set itself apart from the majpr players through unique advertising, differentiated production method and diverse product offerings. New companies may set an initial low price of its products to attract consumer s however this should not be a long term strategy. Companies need to have a huge capital investment to counter the corruption, trade policies and poor infrastructure. Thus, expenditures and initial start-up cost will be high and companies will have to redistribute part of the cost to its final consumers in order to gain profits.PART B CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PORTERS NATIONAL DIAMOND MODEL Michael E. Porter is a well renowned economic strategist whom has writen 18 books and over125 articles (HBS, 2008). With a core field in competitive strategy, Porter has written and developed a number of strategic frameworks such as the Porters National Diamond good example and Porters 5 Forces abridgment. Since the get was strandd on eight developed countries and two industrialized countries, an analysis on developing, growing countries such as India is flawed.This is because these developing countries are not on the same economic level as the 10 countries. Thus, though the Porters National Dia mond (PND) model analysis almost every aspect of Indias profile, it still lacks in-depth analysis and companies should not base their analytical evaluation on the PND model alone. As supported by Van Den Bosch, and Van Proojien (1992), both authors believed that PND model provide limited analysis on the control of national culture on the competitive advantage of nations.Similar to the EU countries, India too has a diverse set of culture which plays significant role in the management of the countrys economy, laws, trade policies and governance. There are limited sources on India and the soft drinks market due to the lack of legistative work from the government officals. Furthermore, some of the reports or statistics may not be entirely accurate due to the high corruption level. For example, reports may state that India is able to generate 90% of its power but the power plants are inconsistent and supplies are frequently distrupted.Also, to what extend is the literacy rate of India is correct? The literacy rates may be higher than stated as with 1. 22 billion people, India officials may have a tough job collecting the accurate datas. Moreover, with high poverty and low income, most of Indian citizens have the thrifty mindset whereby they prefer things which are basically free even though it maybe harmful such as intoxication untreated water. These are the pros of the PND model for India Analysis different aspect of the country profileTakes into account the role of Government which is the most essential for India These are the cons of the PND model for India Limited credible sources for analysis Little depth as India is a huge country with various swinging factors. Limited analysis on the pagan effect on a countrys competitive advantage Ways to improve the PND model for India Supporting the model with other analysis model such as PEST, SWOT, Porters 5 Forces and Fons Trompenaars Seven Cultural Dimensions. Intentsive research on the market and the growth of the market. REFERENCES A. G. Barr (2012) About Us. on tap(predicate) at http//www. agbarr. co. uk/agbarr/newsite/ces_general. nsf/wpg/about_us-our_strategy (Accessed 22 March 2012). BBC News (2011) Coke plans $2bn India investment in bid to boost growth. Available at http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-15731884 (Accessed 20 February 2012). BBC News (2011) India Transparency International corruption index blow. Available at http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-asia-india-15979646 (Accessed 01 March 2012).CBS News (2012) U. K. Attack on Iran has enormous downsides. Available at http//www. cbsnews. com/8301-202_162-57380838/u.k. -attack-on-iran-has-enormous-downsides/? tag=mncollst1 (Accessed 20 February 2012). India. CESS (2004) remediate to Drinking Water in India. Available at http//www. cess. ac. in/cesshome/wp%5CWater. pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012).CIA (2012) South Asia, India. Available at https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in. hypertext markup language (Accessed 20 February 2012). FAO (2012) Faostat. Available at http//faostat. fao. org/site/339/default. aspx (Accessed 01 March 2012). HBS (2008) Harvard bloodline School Faculty & Research. Available at http//drfd.hbs. edu/fit/public/facultyInfo. do? facInfo=bio&facEmId=mporter (Accessed 10 April 2012). India Risk overview (2011) Business Asia, 43, 14, pp. 10-11, Business Source Premier, EBSCO Online. Available at http//searchebscohost. com (Accessed 22 March 2012). Kennedy (2012) US Pleas for Asia to Cut Iranian Oil Imports Fall on Deaf Ears, Oilprice. Available at http//oilprice. com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/US-Pleas-for-Asia-to-Cut-Iranian-Oil-Imports-Fall-on-Deaf-Ears. html (Accessed 20 February 2012). Maps of India (2012) India Agriculture.

Employee Portal System

INTRODUCTION The changes and cleansement of technology in the community is not unfamiliar to us. Every day there is an innovation of advance technology to improve the performance of work and lifestyle of the humanity. It is nearly beneficial for companies with large amounts of knobs and employees using their gos or products. One of these is a City dorm room that caters service to their clients.The proposed subscribe aims to design and rise a web based employee gate for the city dormitory of Paranaque which is a public sector of the brass that deals with the city ordinance, city facilities, city government, and city bemuses this public sector helps the people by providing their needs such as jobs, wellness, education and peace and order of the city. Purpose and Description The chosen client for the proposed project is the Municipal of Paranaque which is located at San Antonio Ave, Paranaque City.It is an Establishment in 1888 that started operating because of the people w ho needs services from the government. Also for the city ordinance, city facilities, city government and city projects this public sector helps the people by tenders the needs such as jobs, health, education, peace and order of the city. Even though Paranaque City hall is a building housing of the administrative offices of a municipal government, its officials considered as a group.Since the city hall was established, it still has manual runes of gathering learning of every employee that make time instead of using it to a more productive work. Based on the inter persuasions conducted by the group with the City hall of Paranaque, the process of gathering and modify learning of employee consumed more time due to the manual process of storing information. The estimated beneficiaries of the employee portal is about 5. 000 to 10,000 The Employee portal of Paranaque city hall was Web Based employee portal.The brass doesnt only helped the said city hall manage the records of each co ncerned personnel link to them but could also help them improve the quality of service they argon surely giving for the employees. Anyone who has applied for viewing records knows the frustration of form-filling and waiting as the hard copy travels up and heap the approval hierarchy. This Employee portal with its correctly features cuts out the physical movements and enables HR to have a birds eye view of the employee situation and status in the comp both.The group has decided to quality this topic to help our client to save time in looking for their employees record. Maintaining the services that provide by the employees of the city hall of Paranaque should come up with the used of the modern technology by the access through internet that will give the people fulfilment when it comes in their satisfaction provided by the employee portal and when it comes in the services provided by the city hall of Paranaque for their employee. Project contextSince the Paranaque city hall has a manual process and slow the entire organization down data being rearranged and kept by hand the time allotted of the opposite task will be used in manipulating the data especially when making some changes and error is encountered the longer the time will be consume the greater amount of effort will be lost during the process of looking the information that needed. With the information that the proponents have gathered upon doing researches, studies and interviews with the client representative, the idea of automating the old process of the city hall have been discussed.The proposed Web Based Employee penetration for the said city hall is greatly necessary to lessen heavy works in compiling large number of files of all the clients and other staffs in the city hall. The system doesnt only focused in dealing with the employees information alone but it also caters the management of other staffs that could be related in creating an employee account. Basically, even if the system is web based, only authorized personnel of the city hall will be allowed to access it, but this doesnt demarcation line its use to the employees and other individuals concerning the city halls transactions.Objectives The general objective of this study is to cave in an Employee Portal for Paranaque City Hall that will give them elicit free transaction. The reason for writing this report is to analyse the existing system of Municipal of Paranaque which is the Employee portal. The groups objective is to be familiarized to the concepts and principles use to develop the system and does the system help to improve the quality service of each employees. The group wants to know the process on how the system works/function.The group wants to control the benefits of the system and also its disadvantage. Specific Objectives a. To design an Employee Portal for Paranaque City Hall using GUI features. b. To provide user account for all system entity. c. To provide employees attendance with their visible(prenominal) leave. d. To provide health reports of the employees such as health issues and previous health record. e. To provide the salary of the employees with/without overtime. f. To create a Login/Logout mental faculty for the Administrator and the employees. g. To gather records of the employees in fast and blowzy room.Scope and limitation The study will focus on the development of the employees portal of city hall of Paranaque this will include the employees information where they can view and update their information or background, health records to trace their health status, employees attendance to view the number of absences and employees status, salary for the month with or without the overtime pay, available leave for the whole annual year the employee must create their account to lay out access to the system to avail the system features.Some features of the system are viewing the available leave, monitoring of tardiness or absences of the employee, viewing the salary for the month and checking up their health issue. The system will be accessible and available through the use of internet the coverage of the study is entire record keeping of the employees information however errors may encounter on the process of making accounts for every employee due to some of the employee may not be computer literate or dont have internet access specially to the older employee in the city hall of Paranaque. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThis chapter discusses the main points of other written works and reports on research that were deemed as essential to this study due to their association to one another. Moreover, these related literature and studies were able to aid the researchers of this study to go up in ontogeny the system with various existing systems. RELATED LITERATURE The proposed system concentrates on the development of an employee portal of city hall of Paranaque. In the obtain entitled International Encyclopaedia of Business and charge , it was noted that different systems are used these days to manage and complete transaction necessary.This goes beyond the very interpretation of electronic commerce that generally refers to the use of shaft of lights related to telecommunication. As more and more people are becoming used to the innovation of technology, there is a growing demand to secured use of the internet. According to the Internet System Handbook (Lynch & Rose, 2005), the realms of the internet stretches to every continent, the exact size of the cyber world can only be approximated. All the same, its growth is very dependent to the needs of the online community. The InternetThe internet generally consists of various routes of connections which accommodate delivery of information. Even if the closest path or modal value is out, the travel of the information to it destination still pushes through provided that there are alternative routes. Users who have the connection may be affected by the bandwidth and the strength of the server. The World Wide Web The World Wide Web consists of many web pages. Data is the core element of these web pages. This includes text data, interactive data, and the likes, which are only available for the viewing of the surfers.Web programming works hand in hand with the essentials of the World Wide Web as this is the foundation of the practice of researchers. victimisation PHP Programming Language PHP is regular(prenominal)ly defined as pre-processor due to the fact that the server calls the computer software installed in the server when opening the page. The installed PHP software operated by instrument of interpreting the scripting and nothing else. Consequently, all other processes are ignored to give way to the execution of the PHP processes. Scripts written in PHP can be edited and uploaded in a convenient manner. Regular text tools such as Notepad can be used to write PHP scripting.A file that will be executed as PHP scripting must have an extension name of php. Using MySQL There are tercet different ways by which MySQL database system can be accessed. premiere is the local accessing which necessitates the programmer to utilize particular packages equipped towards tendering a complete and functioning system. The second way is through the use of the MySQL command line software that can be opened over the internet. The last means if through a running web interface. PhpMyAdmin As a stigmatize of PHP scripts, PHPMyAdmin works by providing access to MySQL database through installation and via web pages.A number of facilities will then utilize to have this kind of application operate. These include modules for logging in, maintenance, query, and leavening of database. case Management System A content management system is a kind of system that generally organizes contents that can be placed in the web pages. Likewise, it provides a collection of procedures that are used to supervise the work flow in a collaborative environment. By organization, it pertains to the addition, deletion, and editing or fitting of contents published in web pages. There are different content management systems that can be found over the internet these days.One of the most popular examples is the one used in web logs or simply called blogs. Content management systems are typical for blogging platforms such as Blogger, Word iron and Live Journal. Foreign Literature Aweb portalis awebsitethat brings information together from diverse sources in a uniform way. Usually, each information source gets its dedicated area on the page for displaying information (aportlet) often, the user can configure which ones to display. Apart from the standardsearch enginesfeature, web portals offer other services such ase-mail, news, stock prices, information, databases and entertainment.Portals provide a way for enterprises to provide a consistentlook and feelwith access control and procedures for sixfold applications and databases, which otherwise would have been different entities altogether. What is a portal? Portal has been the buzzword of the ne 2rked age since 1997. Portals were so popular in business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumers (B2C) applications that the business world borrowed an old doggerel verse Im a portal, hes a portal, shes a portal, were a portal, wouldnt you like to be a portal, too? Portal derives from the medieval Latin word portale, meaning city gate. American Heritage Dictionary defines a portal as a doorway or an entrance, or a gate, especially one that is large and imposing. New definitions for portals in the networked environment can be found on many Web sites. A synthesis of these new definitions is as follows a Web portal is a doorway that can be customized by individual users to automatically filter information from the Web. It typically offers a search engine and links to useful pages, such as news, weather, travel, and stock quotes. A portal can also be defined as a customizable Web search engine to reflect the MY slue in current Web development.The platform for a portal Web site is a search engine, but a portal is different from a general search engine in that it can be customized by individuals for automatic, constant search for specific information, and it can deliver the results to individuals in a predefined way. A customizable search engine is unique to the user it is different from anyone elses. References (1. ) Jian-zhong Zhou, The Evolution of Journals and Early Scholarly Publications from Ancient China to the Twentyfirst Century, Journal of Information, Communication, and Library Science 7, no. 3 (Mar. 2001) 1-11. 2. ) Hadley Reynolds and Tom Koulopoulos, Enterprise Knowledge Has a Face, Intelligent Enterprise 2, no. 5 (Man 30, 1999) 28. Local Literature WikiPilipinas is an online, free content cyclopedia on the Philippines. WikiPilipinas features comprehensive articles covering its 12 Main Portals, namely Government and Politics, Philippine His tory, Media and Entertainment, Culture and Arts, People and Society, Business and Economy, Geography and Travel, Philippine Communities, Religion and Beliefs, Science and Technology, and Sports and Leisure. In addition, the encyclopedia also as portals on special topics such as Philippine Music, Native Cuisine, Traditional Filipino Games, and many more. The name WikiPilipinas is a portmanteau of the run-in wiki (a type of collaborative website) and Pilipinas, the Filipino term for Philippines. The project was conceptualized in February 2007 by the editors of Filipiniana. net. Together, Filipiniana. net and WikiPilipinas. org aim to become the two primary portals to Philippine companionship. WikiPilipinas is an ongoing project written collaboratively by volunteers around the world in an effort to build the largest Philippine knowledgebase.With few exceptions, the contents of WikiPilipinas can be edited at any time, by anyone with access to the Internet, but contributions should be guided by the policies and guidelines that WikiPilipinas editors have identified. WikiPilipinas is building the Philippine Websites portal to provide a comprehensive scope of knowledge on Philippine Websites. Our pool of editors are presenting this content adumbrate as we build the best of what WikiPilipinas can offer for the Filipino people. The major topics divided into several(prenominal) categories provide the organizational framework for this Philippine Websites portal.The outline and its contents will also showcase the collaborative efforts that we can start within WikiPilipinas. This content outline will undergo a thorough review process to agree that it meets the highest standards that WikiPilipinas upholds. http//en. wikipilipinas. org/index. php? title=PortalPhilippine_Websites METHODOLOGY We conduct a survey for our system execution of instrument of organization portal system and we came up developing the system for the city hall of Paranaque due to lack of systematica lly process of employees background checking and checking of available leave, the total salary for the month, and health reports.This section presents the requirements specification, analysis, project design which includes the context diagram, data flow diagram and the system flow chart, the software development tool and the software scrutiny. Requirements Specification Conceptual framework is used to give the readers visualization and some understanding of how the proposed system works and will develop. With the aid of this diagram, readers would find it easy to understand the existing and the proposed software. It describes what the software will do and how it will be expected to perform. Fishbone Diagram Shows the requirements to develop a Employee Portal.One requirement is that the design must be extensible, consistent and have a good concept and standard techniques. The researchers must have the determination and dedication to finish a good project, effort, Cooperation, Time M anagement and must have knowledge in programming. Another is the client will help the researchers in developing the system by discussing the current system of the connection by giving their business rules, Analysis and company information. And in order to finish the project, the researchers must have a good project management by having develop the schedule and estimate time and cost for activities.The Materials needed of the system consists of a computer, browser. The hardware component of the system consists of a computer and Web server. These two components are needed together with the system applications to meet the required specifications. In order to maximize the performance of the system, it is recommended to at least exceed the minimum requirements. Materials information processing system System a. ) Monitor b. ) Mouse c. ) Keyboard d. ) CPU e. ) Database of the system The Employee portal of Paranaque city hall was developed under the following specifications Operating Syst em Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 7Processor Intel Pentium Memory 2 GB Video card 1 GB On the basis of foregoing concepts, findings and theories, here is an insight of conceptual model shown below. Employee Portal of Paranaque City hall 1. Analysis a. System Requirements b. System Definitions 2. Design a. Data Flow Diagram b. Design for the system 3. information a. Program Coding b. Database validation c. System test and improvement 1. Knowledge Requirements a. PHP web programming b. Reservation System and Database 2. Software Requirements a. OS (Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, etc. ) b. My SQL database c. XAMPP Control Panel . Internet Browser INPUT carry through OUTPUT Analysis Operational Feasibility Since the process of gathering information of the employee we proposed this employee portal system for Paranaque city hall to lessen the cost of time or delaying the pressures for the employee. They can check and update their information through the use of the internet a nd the website we provide to check their salary for the month with or without the overtime pay, available leave, health issue and attendance report. Technical FeasibilityAs our research go further we learn that the city hall of Paranaque have already developed their system, the difference between their system and our proposed system is that the website is dynamic and we include Database, CCS/JavaScript, PHP, HTML, My SQL and it is more accessible, available, reliable, user friendly and visible for every employee We create the system using the My SQL, CSS/ JavaScript for the inscription of the website for the city hall of Paranaque, PHP for developing the accessibility and availability of the website through the use of internet and Database for gathering and updating the information of each employee Schedule feasibility Economic feasibility Design In order to carry out the objectives of the study in regards to the development of the system. A system design is conceptualized with resp ect to the features and functionalities of the said system. Context Diagram of Employee portal Development & TestingThe system can be developed for a variety of purposes, one is to meet specific needs of a specific client/business, and it includes sets of tasks and deliverables needed to develop the system. The proponents used the scrum wherein it follows the project from the concept made by the group, by creating product backlog, run backlog. Scrum The scrum model includes the following stages product backlog, and sprint backlog. In which the product backlog is a prioritized list of what is required for the project while the sprint backlog is the list of tasks that committing that they will complete in the current sprint. Product backlog Product Backlog is the core list of all functionality desired in the product to be done.It includes functional requirements and non-functional requirements. It utilizes the simplest and the most effective way for prioritizing a simple list. The pr oduct actually makes decisions about features priorities. Items with the highest priority are completed first. Items may be deleted or added at any time during the project. dah backlog The sprint backlog is a simple list of the tasks that must executed by the team in order to turn a selected set of product backlog items into a deliverable increment of functionality. Software Testing The used of positive and negative testing of the system will have to go through different tests to determine the system functionality and reliability.It is essential to test the system for the proponents not to miss any error of the software. Alpha testing The Alpha testing used for white buffet and black box testing techniques, the focus is on simulating real users by using these techniques and carrying out tasks and operations that a typical user might perform. Once these techniques have been satisfactory completed, the Alpha testing is considered to be completed. White box testing White box testing is a method of tests structures or working of an application with the knowledge of the internal working of the code base. * Control Structure Testing The control structure testing has three types of techniques a. Condition testing test the logical conditions contained in a procedural specification. b. ) Looping Testing is a method that focuses exclusively on the validity of iterative aspect constructs or repetition. c. ) Data Flow Testing method selects test paths of a program according to the locations of the definitions and uses of variables in the program. Black box testing Black box testing is a software testing techniques in which functionality of the system is under tested without looking at the internal code structure. of import Testing Beta testing can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. The system is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has error or bugs.

Castros Regime

Cuba and Castros Coming to Power In Historical Events Cuba and Castros Coming to Power History Essay Fidel Castro Castros Social Policies After coming to power in 1959 with the aim of making radical change to the country. He promised to end in comparability, corruption and the stintingal dependency on USA. With these aims, he implework forceted economic policies to generate economic growth. The ups and downs of Cubas economic performance had not affected the states considerable investment in social reform, foreign guardianship and military involvement.Underpinned by long term credit and trade agreements with USSR, the Cubans had achieved standards of health and literacy rivaling those of developed countries. After his coming to power, Castro had managed to reduce the infant mortality rate, a yardstick of development of development from 60 per thousand live children in 1958 to 13. 2 in 1980. On the eve of the revolution in that location had been one doctor for 5,000 Cubans, wher eas thirty yrs later there was one per 400. Average life expectancy had risen from 74 to 57 and only 2 percent of the population was nescient compared to 24 percent in 1958.All children of primary school age now attended schools whereas only 56 percent had done so before the revolution. The unmingled figures conceal the extent of social and economic change in Cuba. Castros reform aimed to introduce social justice and allow all sectors of society to capture equal oppurtunities. Reforms in health, education and the treatment of women and of minorities were implemented among other areas. Some of these reforms clashed with Cuban traditions and culture. Hence, arts played a fundamental role in calculative a new Cuban culture in which for instance, the role of women as workers was implemented and promoted.Castros social policies had their main targets as women and education. It evaluated the part played by FMC and the literacy campaign to change the status of women and promote educat ion. One of the most probatory changes brought about by the Cuban Revolution has been to the lives and status of women. One of the most significant changes brought about by the Cuban Revolution has been to the lives and status of women. Before 1959 the role of most Cuban women resembled that of other women in the patriarchal societies of Latin America where there existed rigid stereotypes and a division of roles between the sexes in the home and in society.The undisputed role of a woman was that of wife and homemaker in a family headed by her husband or partner. Women enjoyed few rights and were evaluate to sacrifice not just their academic potential and broader interests, but also their health and happiness in order to ensure the stability and wellbeing of the family. In cases of maltreatment by men, despite the existence of laws forbidding such treatment, women were given minimal support by the police and the legal establishment. The status of women in Cuba by 1959 was different from that in many latin American countries.They were only given right to vote in 1934. The 1940 constitution also granted them equality before the law where women could not be discriminated against a work and were to receive equal pay for work. Although women were allowed to vote, study, ad take down sue for divorce, pre-revolutionary Cuba remained in many ways a traditional society. Only a few occupations like teaching and nursing were considered to be appropriate for women in the pre-revolutionary years. They were victims of discrimination at work as the jobs with greater pay and responsibility went to men.Hence in the middle and upper classes, men preferred women to stay at home. The defense team to the rights of women at work was largely a response to Cubas economic needs. Castro had an aim to achieve modernization and industrialization and to do so women were needed to flummox record harvests, woman needed to join the workforce. New legislations were passed reinforcing the e qual rights of men and women to access all types of jobs. They were offered training at technical and professional levels. They had entered the fields which were men dominated, such as construction, biotechnology and IT.In villages the Agrarian reforms had offerd women the opportunity for work in areas like driving and repair of equipment. To facilitate this change and support the women, Castro facilitated the opening of an change magnitude numbers of daycare centers for working women to help them join the work force. Under Castro, women were expected to work for long hours in the agricultural fields leaving totally their homes and families for long intervals however this most often made conflicts with their husbands. To solve this problem, Castro came up with a new family code which stipulated equality of both the sexes at home and work.Men were expected to share their household duties and the education of children. Despite this Castro had to admit that the presence of women on w ork fields was always lower than expected. The policies made by Castro were aimed towards encouraging of equality of women seem to have been focused more towards increasing the workforce than gender equality. More than 600,000 Cubans who were idle migrated from the island in 1960s and hence to fill up the vacancies, women were brought n picture. They were trained for these works which they had denied before and they also played an important part in education and health campaigns.Cuba in the Batistas regime had acess to only trammel education that too in varied geographical regions, being more restricted in the rural arean and the ghettos of the poor. Hence it was also limited by economic status. In the years preceding 1959, Cuba had the highest ill-literacy rates in ltin America. It had reached a peak of 24% in children under 10 years. Public education was nil, there was no infrastructure or presence of teachers to provide satisfactory quality of educstion while the acess of univer sity was limited to the privelliged classes.Castr in the sierra time had promised the resurrection of illiteracy within a year for which he needed to solve two initial barrios, the lack of infrastructure and that of teachers. Castro had declared 1961 as the year of education when the rebel army personally taught the uneducated and had launched the famous slogan If you dont know learn, if you know teach. Due to the shortages of school buildings, Castro transformed military barracks into educational complexes and many new schools were construct all along the city, focusing in the rural and undeveloped areas.Between 1959 when Fidel began his policy of school expansion and 1962 more schools had been developed than in the past history of 8 years of Cuba. In the following years, Castro implemented a training programme for 271,000 teachers. To reach all areas, they were sent all across the counry to teach people at their homes. Literate citizens were turned into literate voulenteers in f ree time. Each one was dressed in olive green uniforms and were sent to country sideto teach the peasents. In the year of 1962, illiteracy dropped by 4%.The success of the campaign was spectacular and as such it increased the hopes in revolution. The aim of the literacy campaign had been twofold. First, it sought to vex illiteracy among the poor ans second, it aimed to make middle-classs youth illiterate youth familiarize themelves with the living conditions and the hardships of the poor, and to act in response to the values of the revolution self service and sacrifice for the state. * Words 1258 * Pages 6 * Highlight Text * Print Paper * Saved * Report this Essay Similar Documents * Cuba And Castros Coming To Power The integrating Of Fidel Castros Power Between 1959 And1961 Was More Of a Result Of Domestic Issues Rather Than United States Economic Policies. * Fdi Risk Analysis Of Cuba * Power Politics * lead Days In Cuba For Pope Benedict Xvi * Guantanamo Bay * Chomsky * Bush * How China Rises * Treasures * The United States Political And Economy * American Expansionism And Imperialism In The Late 19th Century * Dominos Sizzles With Pizza Tracker * Hispanic American Diversity * The Reagan Doctrine * Politics * Worlds Scerets * Ap Euro Notes Containing Communism Through Cia Covert Operations * To What Extent Was Hitlers Economic Policy seamless? 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Sustainability Of The Salton Sea Environmental Sciences Essay

An iconic characteristic in the atomic number 20 desert, the Salton sea stands as a testament to the human comp ace and only(a)nt. What started as a manmade catastrophe has become an built-in portion of the local and planetary ecosystems prolonging marine life and write outing a much necessary view as along the peace-loving Fly panache. During the 1950 s and 60 s the Salton ocean was considered the calcium Riviera as its shores were filled with excursus de take aparters and famous persons. However, the Salton ocean is no endless the desert Eden it one season was. In fact in many ways it is going a liability. The increasing salt, along with the unsustain competent influxs of piss has obligate hard inquiries be answered. The Confederate Cross of the treatment is what should be done with the Salton sea? yield some think the sea should be left to nature, former(a)wise believe the ocean needs to be sustained and restored. In 2003 atomic number 20 passed SB 277 The Sa lton sea take enactment, which is average to reconstruct the Salton sea utilizing the dress hat option. succession this sounds ideal, in that respect argon many complex issues confronting the Sea, many of which have significant economic branchings. However, a redress program is afoot which impart turn to the piece of work issues, offering a gleam of hope for an ecosystem holdsawing on the b browse of prostration.IntroductionSparkling in the California desert the Salton Sea stands as a testament to the human component. What started as a manmade catastrophe has become an built-in portion of the local ecosystem, prolonging marine life and supplying a much needed halt along the Pacific migration route. However, since its creative activity this resource has developed into a ch all in allenge, one that concerns many yet is thought of by few.Proposals have hunt down the spectrum from do zero point to fashioning an inland sea portion via canal to the Gulf of California. Re cently statute law was passed to officially reply the inquiries environing the Sea. This policy analysis go away concentrate on one peculiar piece of statute law, SB 277, the Salton Sea return Act of 2003, and testament consistently analyze SB 277 s successes, failures, and inter accomplishs. Like all issues, the fortunes environing the Salton Sea argon really complex, and rely to a great extent on understanding the challenges, history and substance.HistorySurface body of water, in the proud valley is non a recent happening. During prehistoric times, the Gulf of California extended up to the nowadays Coachella Valley. It is believed that everyplace clip silt sedimentations from the cobalt River effortless formed a fen insulating a northern inland sea. Finally this sea evaporated go forthing behind a huge salt sedimentation and bring out the Salton Sink. It is farther believed that since so, the Colorado River has changed class many times spring beating the Salton Sink with H2O and deposit. This speech rung of deluging resulted in the lift of the vale floor along with the proof of fertile dirt. spot there is important terra firmas of river oscillation and prehistoric seas and lakes, western history has little documented firsthand histories rough an inland sea ( MacDougal, 1917, p. 458 ) . Alternatively, most records report an inhospitable desert one that bobby pins the psyche of adult male and animal ( Kennan, 1917, p. 13 ) seeking for an understudy path to the California halcyon Fieldss. And maculation many of these chokelers saw the over-embellished Valley as a barren, some saw great agricultural potency. At the bend of century a great irrigation under taking was planned and implemented amusing H2O from the Colorado River for drill in the Imperial Valley. It was an ambitious program that looked to payout large for the parties involved. There was no(prenominal)theless one issue that was non accounted for, silt. Once in the canal s ystem the suspended silt settled, doing obstructors and cut downhearteding volume. some thoughts were tried to take the silt, nevertheless none proved deserving slice. It was find that the lone manner more H2O could be delivered was by making another sport orchestrate on the Colorado River. later on(prenominal) analyzing the river s way, rainfall and flows a new headgate was installed and completed in 1905. However, this would turn out to be an exceeding class as rainfall reached 26.6 inches, as apposed to the historic norm of 8-10 inches ( Henry, 1907, p. 245 ) . Soon the river had breached the new headgate deviating the lavish Colorado River into the Salton Sink for a period of about two venerable ages. afterward incorporating the Colorado River the largest lake in California had been crated stretching over 35 stat mis in length. This catastrophe displaced occupants and destroyed harvests, but one time the dust settled a hoarded wealth was revealed.As the Imperial Valle y grew the Salton Sea became an built-in portion of the vale and Southern California. In 1924 Poccupier Coolidge designated the Salton Sea as a lasting drainage reservoir, which was followed in 1930 by the appellation of wildlife safety ( Awash in History , 2002 ) . During World War II the Sea was used as a bombing unpolished every bit good as an alternate commercial weighting country for coastal fishermen who were worried about German pigboats ( Salton Sea Authority , n.d. ) . After WWII the Salton Sea became a recreational Eden in the desert offering changeless sunlight, warm H2O, unfastened infinite, and exceeding athletics fishing. During the 1950 s the Salton Sea contained Covina, Sargo, and Croaker which provided deviation for people and nutrient for wildlife. The Salton Sea was genuinely a gem in the desert and times were good as developers built commercial and residential constructions ( Pearce, 2003, p. 48 ) . However, this aureate age would be short lived as inunda tions and environmental concerns damaged belongings and drove visitants off. Eventually building stopped, towns were abandoned, and wildlife started to decease.ProblemIt is understood that the Salton Sea is in problem. Salinity is steadily lifting, wildlife emphasis has increased, alimentary tonss are exceptionally high, desire to deviate inflow H2O to other countries is turning, and in 2018 influx will importantly diminish under the Quantification Settlement Agreement ( QSA ) ( which will chiefly be funded through fees on the transportation of H2O between the parties involved in the QSA. The approach to the province has yet to be determined, pending the study to be prepared by the Department of Food and Agriculture ) . While these facts are unchallenged, a result has yet to be implemented. And with the deadline nearing the goading for action has increased, coercing replies to hard and alone inquiries environing the Salton Sea. Yet even with extended surveies, consensus remains h ard.The graph below illustrates the salt of the Salton Sea. In 2017 with the recreation of H2O salt is expected to quickly increase, which will ensue in the disappearing of fish, and drastically change the Salton Sea s ecosystem.GeographyThe properties that created the Salton Sea are the same 1s that have caused its debasement. The Salton Sea sits on a big salt sedimentation in a basin with a surface degree of about 230 pess below sea degree ( Journal of Geography , 2009 ) . This means that unlike most lakes which have an escape, the Salton Sea merely has influx. As a consequence all of the compounds come ining the lake remain after vaporization, which is about 5 pess a twelvemonth. Besides unlike the lakes which had antecedently been in the Salton Sink, the present Salton Sea is fed by manmade beginnings the bulge being agricultural overflow, which has unnaturally prolonged the life of the Sea. The Salton Sea besides sits atop the San Andreas Fault, and is surrounded by geotherm al activity.Significance to Southern Californiabeyond the geology and geographics, the Salton Sea plays a important function in the planetary ecosystem. Before the development of Southern California there were many wetlands which provided halting countries for migrating birds going the Pacific Flyway. As the human population grew the natural balance shifted. The Colorado River which used to hold a exuberant delta country was siphoned off turning the one time resource rich country into a desert. Along with this, many of the Southern California wetlands have been developed. While this development has touch oned the Southern California part of the migration route, it is non entirely, many of the historic halting countries have been developed coercing the birds to either cohabitate or happen less suited adjustments.For the migrating birds the Salton Sea is a true oasis in the desert with over 400 species of birds holding been spotted, which is about half of the lie withn North America n species ( Salton Sea Authority , n.d. ) . Many of which are listed as defend or endangered. The Sea offers birds a privy resting topographic point with an abundant nutrient supply.Protected Speciess Found in or Around the Salton SeaaA nationally Listed SpeciessCalifornia Listed Speciess tipDesert PupfishDesert PupfishAARazorback ChumpBirds denuded EagleBald EagleACalifornia Brown PelicanCalifornia Brown PelicanACalifornia Least TernCalifornia Least TernALeast Bell s VireoLeast Bell s VireoASouthwestern Willow FlycatcherWillow FlycatcherAYuma natural language RailYuma Clapper RailAAAAAArizona Bell s VireoAABank SwallowAACalifornia Black RailAAElf OwlAAGila WoodpeckerAAGilded Northern FlickerAAGolden EagleAAGreater Sandhill CraneAAPeregrine FalconAASwainson s HawkAAWestern Yellow-billed FatheadAAWhite-tailed KiteABeginning Program environmental opposition Report ( PEIR )At onetime some believed the Salton Sea was the most productive piscaries in the universe, while this is hard to quantify it is evident the sea holds tonss of marine life. In the late 1960 s a California search and Game ( CFG ) survey conducted at the Salton Sea predicted fish reproduction would discontinue when salt reached 45 parts per 1000 ( ppt ) with current salt at 44 ppt ( I. Haydock, Ph.D, personal communicating, November 19, 2010 ) . This anticipation has proven true, as many fish species have disappeared from the Salton Sea, go forthing Tilapia and the desert pupfish.Along with a rich mix of wildlife, the Salton Sea represents the human environmental impact. The Sea which is maintained by agricultural overflow can be seen as a testing land for new environmental direction thoughts.Social and Economic FactorsLike most issues, one of the most urgent factors confronting the Salton Sea is economic based. The Imperial Valley which uses the Salton Sea as a overflow depository has an estimated agricultural production of over $ 1.6 billion ( California Farm Bureau Federation , 2010 ) . What makes the Sea an built-in portion of this is that the Colorado River H2O used for irrigation has a high salt content. Harmonizing to the Imperial County Farm Bureau the core of salt flushed into the Salton Sea is equal to 52,000 truck tonss yearly ( Imperial County Farm Bureau , n.d. ) . If the salt were to be left in the dirt it would be merely a few old ages before harvests would attempt down to neglect.Aquaculture has besides become dependent on the Sea. Aquaculture started during WWII and developed into a big market bring forthing over 10 million lbs of fish a twelvemonth ( Rafferty, 1999, p. 1 ) . More late the focal point of aquaculture has been on algae which non merely cleans the H2O but can besides be used to make biofuel.The Sea is besides host to ten geothermic power workss that produce a net end product of about 327 megawatts of energy that is sold to Southern California Edison ( CalEnergy , n.d. ) . While each of these industries are separate, they depend up on each other for endurance. The husbandmans need to leach the salt of the dirt, and in making so maintains the Sea s degree. The geothermic power workss rely on the Sea s H2O to power the steam generators for energy production. And the aquaculture industry relies on the het H2O from the geothermic workss to advance growing among the fish and algae.Socially the Salton Sea has an every bit of import axial rotation. While the shoreline towns have non seen a noticeable revival the Sea remains to be a big attractive force. On any given twenty-four hours there are people bivouacing, fishing, and loosen uping along its shores. beyond diversion, the current Sea is commanding what could be an ecologic catastrophe. If the Sea is allowed to dry up, contaminations could go airborne, adversely affect the lives of 1000000s ( Schwabe et al. , 2008, p. 183 ) . A corresponding affect was seen in Owens Valley when the Los Angels Department of Water and Power ( LADWP ) dried the vale, damaging the e cosystem and harming the dwellers. While there are differences between the Owens Valley and the Salton Sea, the dangers are existent and would potentially impact the full sou-west. Economically if the Sea is allowed to dry it means all of the industries which rely on the Sea have now changed. For the Imperial and Coachella Valleys this could be black.Human Health and timber of LifeDuring 50 s, 60s, and 70s the Salton Sea was a finish for people who love H2O athleticss and diversion and with a population of about 15,000 ( today 400 ) it was a turning community. However, since so fish putting to deaths ( due to algae blooms ) , bird deceases ( due to Botulism ) , pollution panics, and implosion therapy has pushed people to travel and stopped utilizing sea recreationally. It should be famed the issues environing the Salton Sea are non merely environmental. They are besides economic and wellness issues, which affect the quality of life of the people still populating on the Sea s frin ge. For these occupants and the visitants the Sea country is a bare topographic point ( Salton Sea Authority , n.d. ) .Rehabilitation IdeasMany solutions have been proposed as to how best manage the Salton Sea. These thoughts run the spectrum from allowing the Sea evaporate and return to abandon, to delving a channel to the Gulf of California. While all of the programs have some virtue, many have liabilities that outweigh benefits. Of the solutions to have reflexion there are two base outs, a full Sea and a partial Sea programs. The partial Sea program is presently the proposed best alternate and will be discussed in following pages.For a full Sea riposte there are many challenges, one being the QSA which regulates the sum of Colorado River H2O California is able to pull. While a California allocation has been in topographic point since the Colorado River Compact of 1922, California has been able to pull above the 4.4 million acre pess because it was entitled to a per centum of the surplus. However, California is now being required to remain within its 4.4 million acre pess allotment, with an increased part travelling to urban usage as apposed to agricultural. This means that less H2O will be used to water which equal less overflow. So in order to go along the Sea, H2O from the Gulf of California will necessitate to be pumped into the lake, and H2O from the lake will necessitate to be pumped back to the Gulf, making an unfastened system with the ocean. This would stabilise the salt while keeping the bing Sea. While this thought sounds good, it comes with many variables and a high projected cost. In a study by the Pacific Institute such a program would be about $ 70 billion dollars ( Cohen, 2008, p. 132 ) and require cooperation of landholders and the Mexican authorities.AccountabilitySoon the Sea receives H2O from multiple beginnings Whitewater River, Alamo River, New River, agricultural overflow, groundwater, and a fraction from rainfall. While these be ginnings have been discussed, the Alamo and New river which originate in Mexico contribute to the Sea s pollution. However, while these rivers cross the U.S. Mexico boarder the Salton Sea is clearly a province and national issue. Many federal bureaus have besides passed statute law in carnal knowledge to the Salton Sea including the U.S. search and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Department of the Interior which passed the Salton Sea reformation Act of 1998 authorising financess to analyze salt direction ( U.S. Bureau of Reclamation , n.d. ) . While we know more about the Salton Sea now, California is taking a proactive function in protecting and developing the Sea, with the California Salton Sea Authority in the lead.What is an environmental policy?The present Salton Sea status is a apogee of many factors, from hapless sewerage intervention fouling the H2O, to the deficiency of media attending. Yet the authorities is addicted to developing a program which addresses environment al sustainability, preservation, population wellness, and economic growing.Over the last decennary environmental policy development and execution ( entirely or in concurrence with undertakings ) has shifted its focal point on digesting additions in sustainable usage, effectual direction, improved quality of life, and preservation of natural resources.Like other types of ordinary policies, environmental policies set up the regulations that guide environmental determinations of houses and families in rural, agricultural, and urban countries. Environmental constabularies are designed and implemented for the express intent protecting and/or bettering environmental quality or natural resource usage by pull offing pollution and other human activity. Environmental policy should reform or alter the regulations of the plot of land that guides behaviour of houses, farms, and families related to pollution and natural resource usage.Policy shapers in deferent degrees of authorities employ a sorting of inducements and deterrences to promote determinations that promote environmental ends and protect natural resources.A well-designed environmental policy should be cost-efficient, based on sound economic rules, achieve environmental aims, set up local ownership through engagement, and create institutional functions and duties which are consensual during the execution execution. Environmental policies are non without their challenges. While the benefits of good conceived environmental policy are significant and easy recognized, policy alterations frequently require institutional reforms.A successful environmental policy should convey together taking scientific research workers, policy shapers, minds, and experts on the environment and wellness every bit good as proficient and legal experts, including national statute law, federal and province regulators, to portion their cognition and penetrations into the complex environmental and human wellness issues. It should be n oted that, in the environmental policy doing procedure the usage of modern scientific discipline, engineering, and economic feasibleness tools are indispensable ( Stenberg et al, 2007, p. 265 ) .History of the BillUp until his premature decease US Congressman Sonny Bono was a punishing voice for the Salton Sea. As a local occupant, Mayor of Palm Springs, and subsequently a US Congressman, Sonny Bono understood the significance of the Salton Sea and was in the procedure of subjecting statute law when he died. Fortunately Newt Gingrich carried the circular which would be named Sonny Bono Salton Sea Restoration Act. ( Orange County Register, February 1998 ) .In 1998, Congress enacted the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 directing the US Bureau of Reclamation to develop options that would stabilise salt and lake degree while keeping the Sea s usage as an irrigation drainage reservoir.Today, the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Program is a combined attempt fall ining Federal bure aus, reconcile bureaus, local bureaus, stakeholders, and the general populace all running(a) together to reconstruct the Sea s ecosystem.In 2003, 40th District Senator Denise Ducheny presented the California law-makers with SB 277 the Salton Sea Restoration Act, Which directs the Natural Resources Agency, Department of weight and Game and the Department of Water Resources, to analyze and develop the best option for reconstructing the Salton Sea, one which would turn to the Sea s ecosystem and human involvement. For Senator Ducheny the Salton Sea and the QSA have significance because her territory overwhelms the Sea and many of the H2O bureaus involved. And while there is no grounds of parts from involvement groups, A Sea Restoration would pump 1000000s if non one million millions into the local economic system, while reconstructing a strong attractive force. The aims are to1 ) Make a reasonable and sustainable home ground and ecosystem for the wildlife dependent on the Sea.2 ) Minimize air quality impact.3 ) Manage H2O quality ( SB 277, 2003 ) .The passage of SB 277 was dependent on the transition of both SB 654 and SB 317 which focused severally on H2O preservation mechanisms and the Sea s ecology. Combined these three measures focus on issues straight impacting the Salton Sea, and supply support of up to $ 300 million dollars from the sale of Colorado River H2O ( Salton Sea Authority, 2004, p. 1 ) .The calculate of Senate Bill 277 ( SB 277 )The purpose of the Legislature is summarized belowRestore and stabilise the Salton Sea, while making a strong ecosystem advancing wildlife wellness.The Restoration shall be based on the best-loved alternate program developed from the Restoration survey and alternate choice procedure described in element 2081.7. The Use of these financess should be made available in conformity with the old mentioned subdivision to be deposited in the Salton Sea Restoration Fund, and other financess made available by the Legislatur e and the US federal authorities.The preferable alternate shall supply the maximal executable agencies to reconstruct the sea.Salton Sea Restoration Fund ( SSRF )SB 277 is intended to reconstruct the Sea which includes stabilising the ecosystem. Specifically, the measure establishes the Sea Restoration Fund which is to be conducted by the Director of the Department of Fish and Game ( DFG ) . In 2003, the QSA which among other things addressed the long standing Colorado River assignation difference between the Imperial Irrigation District, San Diego County Water Authority, and the Coachella Valley Water District. The QSA besides implemented Fish and Game Code Section 2931, which established the Salton Sea Restoration Fund ( Bond Accountability.. n.d. ) .The Legislature will pull off the financess which are intended to be used forSalton Sea Restoration surveies, with a focal point on continuing wildlife.Create preservation techniques which will supply a balance between wildlife an d Sea direction.Implement the agreed upon Restoration program.Manage Restoration activities.Major issues with SB 277A ) SB 277SB 277 is an amendment to the old measures which hold the State of California responsible for reconstructing the sea and establishes a mechanism for living the Restoration. However, the measure fails to turn to these challengesEconomic primacy The Salton Sea is non an environmental issue. It is an economic issue and one of the largest regional menaces.Atomization of American governmental System US atomization of Political system on this issue is an obstruction to efficiency and effectivity in moving toward work outing the job.Interest group instability There are many involvement groups that are provoke in the Restoration for different grounds, including conservationists, life scientists, folks, abodes, developers, apply scientists, and politicians. The most of import overarching value in public policy is the public involvement ( Pal, 2010, p. 3 ) .The pol icy rhythm The policy rhythm includes job acknowledgment ( it should be noted that, the sea Restoration policy rhythm has given a long clip to the survey period in order to specify the job ) , policy development, execution and rating. However, policies seldom tackle case-by-case jobs instead, they deal with bunchs of embroiled jobs that may hold contradictory solutions. To farther complicate this, complexness is besides increased with the size and breath of the job which is frequently comprised of sets of other possibly smaller jobs whose really interconnectedness makes them hard to grok and whose boundaries are hard to specify across and over clip ( Pal, 2010, p. 4 ) .The Salton Sea is a perfective illustration of a complex and interconnected job. Economically the Sea is a major driver for industry. Yet financially the Sea is a liability for the State of California which could be upwards of $ 14 billion in Restoration. It should be noted that, if the Sea is allowed to dries up, it would go an air quality catastrophe which would impact the economic system of the Coachella Valley.Furthermore, the Sea remains to be a delicate ecosystem, seesawing between haven and hazard as it softly evolves ( Cohen, et al. , 2009, p. 1 ) . The Sonny Bono Memorial Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998, the QSA and ordaining statute law, and the proposed Salton Sea Local Control Act flux one into the other, irrigating down the following piece of statute law.B ) The Many Parties InvolvedMultiple federal, province, and regional bureaus are presently tuning the best Restoration option for the Salton Sea. In add-on, the Salton Sea Authority Board of Directors includes California regional Water Quality Control Board Colorado River Basin Region 7, Coachella Valley Water District ( CVWD ) , Imperial Irrigation District ( IID ) , Riverside County Board of Supervisors quaternate District, Riverside County Board of Supervisors 3rd District, Imperial County Board of Supervisors 5th Distr ict, Imperial County Board of Supervisors 4th District, Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians, Coachella Valley association of Governments ( CVAG ) , California Department of Fish and Game, Southern California experience of Government ( SCAG ) , State Resource Agency, and Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control. In add-on, a Technical informatory Committee including life scientists, applied scientists, and environmental experts has been formed ( Salton Sea Authority , n.d. ) .Members of the Salton Sea Advisory CommitteeAFederal AgenciesBureau of Indian AffairsBureau of ReclamationFish and Wildlife ServiceGeological SurveyEnvironmental Protection AgencyTribal GovernmentsTorres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla IndiansCabazon Band of Mission IndiansState AgenciesState Water Resources Control BoardColorado River Basin Regional Water Quality Control BoardCalifornia Air Resources BoardLocal AgenciesMetropolitan Water District of Southern CaliforniaSan Diego County Water AuthorityCoache lla Valley Water DistrictImperial Irrigation DistrictImperial CountyRiverside CountyImperial County Air Pollution Control DistrictSouth Coast Air Quality Management DistrictCoachella Valley Association of GovernmentsImperial Valley Association of GovernmentsNongovernmental OrganizationsCalifornia Farm Bureau FederationRiverside County Farm BureauImperial County Farm BureauDefenders of WildlifeCalifornia Waterfowl AssociationPacific Institutejoined Anglers of Southern CaliforniaAudubon CaliforniaSierra ClubCalEnergy Operating CorporationNew River Citizens Congressional Task ForceBeginning Program Environmental Impact Report ( PEIR )With all of these bureaus keeping involvement in the Salton Sea, many have presented contradictory information, which has made developing a consensus hard. To assist with this a Technical Advisory Committee ( TAC ) which is comprised of bureau representatives each have a strong cognition of the Sea, and are supposed to supply counsel to the Board of Direct or s.C ) A sea of contradictionsIt is frequently written that the Salton Sea is a sea of contradictions it is both a oasis for wildlife every bit good as jeopardy for resident fish, birds, and other animals. Since the Sea terminal lake sustained by agricultural overflow, the influxs are both a approval and a expletive ( Cohen, 1999, p. 15 ) . The argument over how best to reconstruct this delicate ecosystem is non new. The treatment of dividing the lake into a northern salt managed lake and a southern seawater pool, which is today the Salton Sea Authority s preferable option, received serious attending every bit early every bit 1974 as the sulphide odor from the fecund algal bloom rhythm and the subsequent fish die-offs began driving tourers off from the Sea.D ) Policy IssueThe bing issues environing the Salton Sea are about to make a tipping point forcing determinations be made. If nil gets done in the close hereafter, the sea is predicted to slowly evaporate, and a new set of i ssues will be presented. A major obstruction is funding. In add-on, the last(a) cost is hard to gauge because of the complexness of this issue.Presently there has been small way provided by the legislative assembly with respects to implementation plan including timeline. While a preferable Restoration program was scheduled to be delivered by the terminal of 2006, inquiries remain, and action has non been taken. The legislative assembly merely authorized the State to travel frontward with what has been proposed as the Salton Sea Species Conservation habitat ( SCH ) Project. The legislative assembly needs to give authorization to the State to travel frontward with a Restoration plan.The State has proposed a Restoration program which is similar to the Salton Sea Authority s initial proposal. The federal authorities has besides come up with similar consequences. Because influx will be reduced all of the programs are partial lake Restorations. In December of 2007 the US Bureau of Reclam ation issued the Restoration of the salton sea conclude study December 2007 in which the be for the different programs was laid out. For the partial lake Restoration plans the estimated costs ranged from $ 9.2 billion to $ 14 billion in building costs ( US Bureau of Reclamation, 2007, p. 7-2 ) . In this program the Sea is divided into two chief subdivisions, each incorporating multiple zones. The north half of the Sea would be for diversion with the south half being for rehabilitation and home ground. By diminishing the organic structure of H2O by half, merely a part of the present influx will be needed to prolong changeless degrees. Water would so be circulated in a clockwise way and filtered through the fenland/habitat where it will be filtered. Throughout the Waterss path there will be intervention workss every bit good as pumping Stationss which will keep circulation ( Salton Sea Authority , n.d. ) .This program besides takes into consideration the many different industries that rely on the Sea. The geothermic workss will still hold entree to H2O, and wildlife will still hold plentifulness of topographic points to rest while migrating. However, there are many challenges that need to be overcome, one being the projected costs. While this program offers a contained solution to the job, the effectivity and costs are non certain.Below is a map of the partial sea program from the Salton Sea Authority.The Department of Fish and Game is traveling frontward with this program as a halt spread step before a concluding program is approved.Salton Sean Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) UndertakingSB 277 has strengthened the foundation, nevertheless, it does non see the size and clip for the sea Restoration undertaking. Presently the proposed Salton Sea Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Project size one time wholly build-out is expected to be about 2,400 estates, nevertheless, building clip and costs are dependent on the acquisition of land ( Salton Sea Update , kinsfolk 2010 ) .In conformity with CEQA the California Natural Resources Agency is in the procedure of carry oning an EIR for the SCH Project. Besides because the SCH Project involves both State and Federal actions, a join EIS/EIR will be prepared by DFG, under the way of the Natural Resources Agency, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( Corps ) pursuant to CEQA and the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) . This joint papers is being prepared to optimise efficiency and avoid duplicate and is intended to be sufficient in range to turn to both the Federal and State demands. For the intents of the EIS/EIR, the State is to develop preservation patterns that will protect the Sea s wildlife in conformity with Section 2932 of the fish and game codification, pull off the issue potency of incidental take mandate under the California Endangered Species Act ( CESA ) California, Section 2081, and oversee the Streambed conversion Agreement under California Fish and Game Code, Sect ion 1602. The US Federal Government may publish licenses to modulate discharge into organic structures of H2O, which include watercourses, lakes, fens, and rivers State of California, Natural Resources Agency, June 21, 2010, Notice of Preparation ( NOP ) of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report ( EIS/EIR ) .Role of bureaucratismBureaucracy has an of import function in the sea Restoration procedure. It implements the written Torahs and regulations while supplying processs on how to implement the Restoration. However, the engagement of the many shareholders, bureaucratic ruddy magnetic tape and deficiency of consensus has hampered advancement.Size Due to the high figure of organisations and entities involve within the procedure, it is about impossible to supervise everyone and every group.Ability of administrative officials The people who administer the policy have huge measures of information to procedure with limited staff.In 1998 Congress enacted the Salton Sea Reclamation Act. However, policy execution inside informations were non established. So in 2003 California passed SB 277 which assumed authorization by California to work out the particulars. Presently California is working with the Federal authorities and other bureaus in a Joint Powers Authority.Ethical IssuesSB 277 is hard because no affair what is decided there will be inauspicious affects. If after the surveies have been conducted it is determined that Fieldss will necessitate to be fallowed, so the local economic system potentially suffers. However, if current flows are maintained SDCWA, CVWD, and MWD will non hold adequate H2O to run into turning demand. Conversely if influx is allowed to diminish there is the possible that wildlife could be adversely affected.The Salton Sea besides represents an ethical quandary, is reconstructing the Sea the best usage of public financess? This inquiry becomes peculiarly outstanding as the state is confronting economic troubles. After looking at the options, it becomes evident that in the instance of the Salton Sea Restoration is in fact in the best involvements of the province and state.International RelationssSB 277 does no straight mention any foreign states nevertheless, the consequences of SB 277 will hold a direct effect to both Mexico and Canada. As discussed earlier two of the major influx beginnings originate in Mexico. And although California can non necessitate Mexico s conformity, it would be sensible to bespeak Mexico s support in cleaning up the New and Alamo rivers. Presently the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) is working with the Mexican authorities to better the H2O quality of the New River by put ining waste H2O interventions workss, using over $ 40 million dollars in Mexicali sewer water undertakings ( Environmental Protection Agency , 2010 ) . This non merely cleans the H2O fluxing into the Sea, but it besides provides Mexicali with a new beginning of drinkable H2O.Less stra ight the Salton Sea plays a planetary axial rotation in supplying a resting country for migrating birds. With most of the historic wetlands destroyed, the Salton Sea is the lone resting country in the part. The exact affect of fring the Sea is non known, nevertheless, it is agreed such a loss would damage bird populations. The ripple affect of this could be lay waste toing as full industries and ecosystems are based on the migration of birds. As we have witnessed in other instances, the remotion of one or multiple species from an ecosystem can compromise the full system.Successs and FailuresSeven old ages after the passage of SB 277 the Salton Sea has seen small alteration. At a recent Salton Sea symposium many thoughts were presented on how to mange the Sea nevertheless no action had been taken. There was nevertheless, one point of consensus, which was that action needed to be taken instantly ( Gottberg, 2010 ) . So has SB 277 succeeded or failed? On many counts SB 277 has succeede d, it provided funding for surveies which have developed solid solutions, and it has provided a manner to fund these plans through the sale of H2O.While SB 277 has succeeded on many counts it has besides failed. In Section 1 Chapter 13 of the Fish and Game Code it states Implementation of the preferable Salton Sea Restoration option ( SB 277, 2003 ) . SB 277 transportations the load of the Salton Sea from the Federal authorities to the province. While this transportation might hold made action easier, a recent Superior Court opinion found the QSA JPA violated the California Constitution ( Imperial Irrigation District FAQ, 2010 ) . A cardinal point being the province committed to taking on an unacceptable sum of debt.The QSA officially declare the State of California s purpose to set about the Restoration of the Salton Sea. Necessitating the California Natural Resources Agency develop an ecosystem Restoration plan for the Salton Sea.After a really long and publically crystalline p rocedure, the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Program Preferred Alternative Report and Funding Plan were presented to the California State Legislature by the California Secretary of Natural Resources on May 2007.To day of the month, the Legislature has non acted on the preferable option for the Salton Sea Restoration nevertheless, it has appropriated support to get down work on the Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Undertaking.The State has begun the environmental analysis and technology design of the SCH undertaking, consistent with the early start habitat recommendations of the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Programmatic ( PEIR ) . In which the California Natural Resources Agency is functioning as the lead bureau for California Environmental Quality Act ( CEQA ) conformity.The demand for California to implement the SCH undertaking is driven by the environmental jobs that exist within the watershed. Problems that are rapidly making crisis degrees and will be exacerbated by decreased influxs after 2017, the Salton Sea s salt degrees continue to increase and are expected to transcend the tolerance of most fish species in the sea by 2018. These fish are critical to back up many fish-eating birds that are dependent on the Salton Sea.SuggestionIn seeking to decode SB 277 it is necessary to see the many interactions. The thought of SB 277 is to reconstruct the Salton Sea, by support surveies, implement preservation steps, administer the Restoration and direction, develop support, assess IID fallowing plans, and work with federal, province, and local bureaus, while working within the QSA understanding. On paper this Act is brief, but in content it is potentially monolithic. It is our belief that because SB 277 is so across-the-board, it fails to to the full accomplish its ends. After analyzing SB 277 we recommend the followers.The first suggestion would be to put in dated mileposts. Soon under the QSA 2018 is the tipping point for the Salton Sea. SB 277 lin eations aims yet offers small way as to how and when programs and undertakings should be implemented. By making deadlines parties will be forced to make a consensus.The Second suggestion is to hold SB 277 create a high degree bureau to pull off the Salton Sea. By making a separate bureau to carry on research and implement programs there would be greater answerability with greater coordination. This bureau would necessitate the support of the province, local, and federal authorities, because of the complexness and engagement of many organisations.Third, the land below and around the Salton Sea needs to be unified. Presently the Sea remainders on private, province, federal, and tribal lands. This fractured ownership has created excessively many parties which need to hold. In the instance of the Salton Sea it would be sensible to hold the province authorities unify ownership making a individual voice.Most significantly SB 277 demands to make a sense of urgency in happening and implemen ting a solution. For many old ages at that place have been study after survey done, nevertheless, small to no action has been taken. In the interim the deadline for action is nearing while the treatment remains on what to make. Urgency and cooperation demands to be taken up by the involved parties so a to the full supported program can travel frontward.DecisionThe Salton Sea is soon at hamlets. Some believe the Sea should be allowed to dry up, yet others believe the full lake should be maintained via circulation with the Gulf of California, but everyone believes a determination needs to be made. This paper has examined SB 277 the Salton Sea Restoration Act, which was intended to supply sustainable solutions to the many challenges. However, as shown, small action has been taken. If the Salton Sea is to be rehabilitated, it will necessitate a conjunct attempt by all interested parties. To farther perplex the Restoration attempt, in September of 2010 Governor Schwarzenegger singed SB 5 1 a measure proposed by Senator Ducheny making the Salton Sea Restoration Council, which will be the State s new lead bureau in the Restoration procedure, and is in with the Salton Sea Authority. This development has created new uncertainnesss, and will be elicit to follow.