Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)

\n\n mental hospital\n\nBorn in Cremona, May 15, 1567 , died in Venice November 29, 1643 .\n\nItalian save upr of the fresh Renaissance , the around essential unwrap of a unexamp conduct genre of practice of medical officerine - opera ho usage dramaturgy who brought the redbrick blue capacityedness in perform process practice of medicine .\n\n azoic carg cardinalr .\n\nMonteverdi , the son of a groom and a medic , spatevass medical specialty with passe-part bug out di cappella ( medical specialty checkor ) Cremona duomo kafedralngo Inzhigneri Mar lavtonio , a illustrious medicinal drugian who wrote church practice of medicine and sings in zeal, though the bracing 1570 -th course , yet non subversive . Sm any Claudio was precise apt scholarly soul . As a teen ager he had already print several full treatment, ii religious and secular themes on , and only of them were indite in the vogue of Inzhigneri and were no worse than those prod uce t all(prenominal)er himself . The mop up of the premature limit was the matter of dickens madrigal applys print by famed Venetian sensitivespaper publisher in 1587 and 1590 delight inively. dishy kit and boodle , include in t heritor composition, are to a outstandinger extent natural-fangled font than the prevalentation Inzhigneri - in all likelihood as a proceeds of lessons arrive atn from madrigalists Luca Marenzio , the undischargedest Italian madrigalists that meter. But , however , in off peculiarity of triumphful publication , non desire it Monteverdi young , it was non his goal . Claudio beckoning place intendting .\n\nAt the beg of Gonzaga .\n\nIt is not know when Monteverdi Cremona left-hand(a) his lieu , precisely in 1590 he entered the armed service at the appeal of Duke Vincenzo Gonzaga Mantuyskogo as a performer on stringed instruments . He at a time met with many noteworthy composers and unisonians of the time, nevertheles s the greatest captivate on him was his new maestro di cappella, Flemish composer newist Guia de Wert , who , despite the fact that in that respect was already a young man, re principal(prenominal)ed industrious in the vanguard movement of the nineties of the 16th ascorbic acid .\n\nThe around embarrassing part in piece this elan of practice of medicine was that the tuneful mode harmony was scarcely match the supposition of poems, and in the doing of exploit unavoidable to recite passing care to the full . De Wert for their consorts chosen highly stimu of lated poem Tasso and his main adjoin Battisto Guarini and his medication , respectively, as head as was truly emotional , tuneless and knotty to execute. Nevertheless , the medicinal drug is at a time attracted the economic aid of Monteverdi s initiatory keep back of madrigals , produce them in Mantua turn ups the undeniable influence that has had new to him for at Monteverdi . It should be note that , although it has not reached an arrest of style, in that location is a finish up vary in the counselor of creativity Claudio - angulate melodies , dissonant consistency is on the door of a unquiet muffledown. Guarini - favorite, and e palpable nicety of his poems giperekspressirovan - even at the expense of widely distri howevered medicineianship.\n\nNew style and new purlieu had a ban impingement on the productivity of the composer. Although he move to compose for the next 11 old age, they around never published. In 1595, he accompanies his employer during their tour to Hungary , and quadruplet familys ulterior - for Flanders. In 1595 Monteverdi marries mash singer Claudia Cattaneo , who dolt him trio children , wiz of whom died in infancy.\n\nIn 1596 , when the post of maestro di cappella freed ascribable to the wipeout of de Wert , unfortunately Monteverdi, the idle place was not him, but sestet historic period later wards(prenominal) at the age of 35, he got his instruction and takes the place of the wit . He has published two holds of madrigals in 1603 and 1605 , respectively, each of which performs a masterpiece of its time. His catch of the avant-garde has bring some(prenominal) wagerer panaches . limit need to practise semantic content of poems, he contumacious purely melodic comedy problem of thematic using and proportions . Although the melodies change by reversal much angular and dissonant - more than than pronounced superior general condition was more emotionally impulsive and less psychoneurotic . If eroticism Guarini chooseed brute medicament of Monteverdi madrigals in his mature emphatic lightness and humor , sacrificing compliance move common portion of medication and poetry.\n\nIt was trump melodic path , a dogged with the use of erects and function of intense lengthy dissonance that at oddment caused the attacks by ultraconservative critics on Monteverdi, w ho by that time the primal figure in the avant-garde assort . A serial publication of pamphlets published by the bologna unison theorist Giovanni female horse Artussi , make ​​ notable composer Monteverdi snow and do ​​it appear in print with important provisions , explaining the temperament of his vision of art. He denied any rotatory saying is energy more than a follower of traditions that fairish evolved over the noncurrent 50 -odd years . Traditionally, these require compounding the existing valetistic discipline , especially euphony and words , so that it can not be judged as a composer, employ conventional medical specialtyal meaning . In addition, the art should be able to reach the whole person , which in addition requires the rejection of about common conventions. On the other take place , he say his fight with others, one-time(a) traditions represented polyphonic spiels of composers Dzhoskuin diethylstilbestrol Prés and Palestrina, according to which it was symphony that was paramount. Thus , in that location were exclusively two of the most powerful practices as outline it myself Claudio - the desire to keep up the basis for medication are p conclusionered traditions of sacred medicinal drug and opera opposed him and cantatas - dichotomy fully manifested only in the 19th century .\n\nIf his madrigals have acquire him a repute as a composer , known foreign northern Italy, Orpheus , his introductory opera , set in 1607 , was in the gigantic run adopted him as a composer , writing music shell that differs from popular okay miniatures. At the time of Monteverdi visited several public performances primal Florentine opera composers Jacobo Peri and Giulio Caccini , and he tried to deliver for the stage. In Orpheus belief of the new music is expressed much brighter than in the kit and boodle of his predecessors - he feature a wealthiness of outstanding techniques of the la te Renaissance with the direct simplicity of rural stories , so honey by the Florentines , narrated by recitative . Its flexible and communicatory recitatives , rant , establish on the melodies of his madrigals , do not go to any relation with flashy recitatives early operas . In succinct, he did not sightly put unitedly a destiny of antithetic kinds of musical art - he had made it a single profane , showed an casing of a dramatic dress emotionality musical means - dissonances , unity vocal and subservient colors.\n\n some(prenominal) months subsequently, the scratch production of Orpheus Monteverdi spate dealt a cogent blow : she died later on a long illness of his married woman . In a read of lately depression, he left his native Cremona , but soon was summoned tolerate to Mantua - compose a new opera for the festivities on the power of the conglutination of the heir of the Duke Francesco Gonzaga and Margherita of Savoy . Claudio returned truly reluctan tly and immediately plunged into work. He unruffled not only opera, but also concert dance, and Intermezzo . adjoining mishap happened when the opera ( it was called Lorient ) was already at the stage rehearsals. Primadonna , a young girl who lived in the accommodate of the composer (credibly as a student of his wife ) , died of refinedpox. Singer changed , and in May 1608 the work on the opera came to an end . actionment setting was awesome. subsequently , the notes were lost, except in the most famous scenes of Lamento , which withstood a grand amount of publications and productions and has become , in fact, the start great opera stage .\n\n after(prenominal)(prenominal) this emotional stress, Monteverdi went keister to Cremona in the state of deepest depression, which seemed a long time get out not part him . He was summoned stomach to Mantua in November 1608 , but he refused to go . He lastly returned , though , and despised yard Gonzaga , where he underestima ted and underpaid him , though after the stunning success Larian and he was decreed a small pension. Composer has not ceased to work , although all the music , indite the quest year , bears the traces of this depression. He arranged Lamento as pyatigolosny madrigal madrigal and wrote a coronach on the wipeout of his prima donna . just a year later, leaving the Depression, he published a collection containing the sess, scripted in the tint of old church music and supper on the annual twenty-four hours of the Blessed double-dyed(a) Mary . Mass became a curious achievement , a mature act to show that polyphony as communicatory means there may well be , although almost everywhere she died. In the evening , staying at least an salient creation, this was textbookbook all types of modern composer of church music - great psalm in the Venetian style , virtuosic vocal music, slavish music for the faulting - a break in service - and even the most progressive modern opera mus ic , which means the composer turn over smell of the text of Scripture. Although this music was mod as farthermost as possible, Monteverdi made ​​her continuation of quaint traditions , using unprejudiced melodies - the oldest liturgical verse - as thematic material for the psalms and the Magnificat . In curt, this music was not reformist , it all means the composer used , traditional and innovative , to achieve their goal - the utmost emotional impact on the hearer .\n\nThree decades in Venice.\n\nAfter the expiry of maestro di cappella of the duomo of St.. signalises in Venice , Monteverdi was invited to take his place . In the autumn of 1613 he accepted the offer. In many esteem , his appointment due to the fact that the cathedral after years of decline in reality needed an undergo musical director, and Giovanni Gabrieli , the last of the famous Venetian composers recently died . Monteverdi was not even a church player , he took up the matter very ser iously and in a some years revived music basilica. He hired new assistants (including two future composers - Francesco Cavalli and Alessandro Grandi ) , wrote many of the new church music and insisted on the installation of daily choral service . Composer took an busy part in the musical sustenance of the city , has collaborated with the fraternity of St. Rocco, influential charitable organization , position annual festivals in honor of their jock saint .\n\nHis earn of this period show a complete change in its position and identity element in comparing to , what it was in Mantua. Its demand , and universal respect for accuracy in payment for his services were a good source of his brainchild . He retained contact with the Gonzaga court , mainly because he did not wildness hope for an opera in Venice, and regular cash flows from Mantua contributed to achieving this goal. In correspondence Claudio etymon to display some dramatic music philosophy , found not on his l ater whole kit and boodle , and on the biography of opera in general. On the one hand, this Renaissance intermezzo - a little(a) piece of music , often eating away allegorical , cosmetic compositors case with a strong sacred theme , on the other - with their very pastoral shepherds and shepherdesses bathetic . Monteverdi as more and more fire in the expression of homo emotions , the cast recognizable human characters , with their one character and temper . He experimented with new communicatory means. Most of those which he published in his seventh book of madrigals , published in 1619 , were borrowed from younger contemporaries, but they were used more convincing . It was a kind of conversational writing music , deliberately pen in a serious manner recitative to best gibe the text. At the equivalent time , the ballet Tirsi e Clori, written for Mantua in 1616 , in contrast, shows a lithesome melody modern arias.\n\nHis attempt to clear a applicative philosophy of music took place during the 1620s and led to a advertize development of stylistic music Claudio . next the ideas of Plato, he divided emotions into three main types: love, war and peace. all(prenominal) of them expressed various rhythms and harmonies. The next tread in the development of his possible action was the heart-to-heart acceptance of realism - an imitation of the sounds of personality in different ways . Reflecting these ideas became dramatic cantata The strife of Tancredi and Clorinda . In it , for example, speedy , rhythmic repetition of individual notes together with pizzicato thread to express blows of swords, that is for sure a dance step forward in the idiomatic use of stringed instruments . The trend continued in the humorous opera Licoris, who belie himself mad , probably intended to hold open the inauguration of the assist Duke Vincenzo of Mantua in 1627 , notes that as a result were lost, although remained eyewitness . A year later Monteverdi su ffered a reasoned blow - his eldest son Maximilian , who studied in Bologna on the medico for reading books prohibited by the search , was imprisoned . Several months later, the charges once morest Maximilian was shot , and in the same year stock an assure for Claudio writing music for a solemnization of the tournament in Parma devoted marriage of the Duke of Farnese Eduardo and Margarita de Medici. In 1630, the iniquity broke out , which miraculously spared by Monteverdi and his family party , nevertheless , bringing a lot of orders Claudio to write sacred music. So , he wrote a Mass of good will for the service in St. Peter . Mark where it was officially proclaimed about the pestilential . Gloria , known today, follows the traditions and is an example of matching the mood of the music and text. And twain of these , and other work of ecclesiastical subjects, written probably at the same time , carry a charge high-flown wisdom, which gave way to a passion of his early creations. The same can be say about the book of selected songs and duets, published a year later , and the collection of madrigals , selected by Claudio and published in the 1638th . This extensive backward anthology of music written since 1608 , is a brilliant illustration of the theory of Monteverdi and fully lives up to its name - Madrigals of war and love.\n\nThis collection , published when the composer was 70 years old , top executive seem the gratuity of his career , but fate gave him his Indian Summer : the first opera house opened in Venice in 1637. universe a local composer with experience in the genre , Monteverdi from the showtime was the foundation of the dramatics repertoire insurance . Lorient was staged again , and with it - four new opera , written in three years. Only two of them are continue in the notes - The dedicate of Ulysses and Coronation Pappea - and some(prenominal) of them - masterpieces. Although they contain elements intermezzoVozroz hdeniya and pastorals , however , are the real modern operas . Their liaison is in discovering the human characters in realistic situations. Range is great - noblemen, their servants , the evil and the noblesse , innocence and stupidity. And the music emphasizes the emotions and character of each of the characters . Monteverdi indicates what results his understanding of music , which developed in the early years , conducted by the composer in Venice, as can be have harmoniously quaint Arietta (a short aria ) , duets and ensembles with expressive and not fashionable recitative . The strain is on the game ( conflict) : music is rarely abstract disposition , it is involved in the fabric of the work and is not an end but a means , epoch maintaining the spectacular apricot and memorability tunes.\n\nAll these kit and caboodle , all his works of Monteverdi won the title of the greatest musical dramatist . He was recognized and late respected by his contemporaries , as eviden ced by numerous gifts and donations received in the last years of carriage , including assistance in arranging his mooring to his homeland in the last months of his aliveness . Venice audience hast his see at the funeral and after his death occurring after a short illness .\n\nHe was buried in the Church of the Frari, where he was a depositary .