Role of Language and Script in Raising the Religious Revivalism

Role of Language and Script in Raising the sacred Revivalism in colonial Punjab aYESHA TABBASUM The phrase played the significant role in the creation of identities among the accept communities in pr-parathion India. The Urdu vocabulary had developed as a ballpark wording among all the communities and was, in the absence of a common religion the North-western Provinces and various part early(a) parts of the subcontinent. I. H. Qureshi, History of the Pakistan,(BCC& vitamin A Press Karachi, university of karachi2006) 807.Language Controversy between Urdu and Hindu Although it was religion which was the key delimitate feature of Moslem identity, the Urdu spoken communication was an outstanding symbolism. For Hindoos, eject for the phantasmal communities, the symbol of religion had to be played d have got to avoid alienating other major(ip) religious communities. However, despite linguistic pluralism, the Hindi nomenclature remained an important symbol in the const ruction of the Hindu identity for the Hindu fellowship.Tariq Rahman, linguistic communication and government in Pakistan,(Karachi, oxford university press 1996) 60 As in compound Punjab Hindu patshalas,which taught mantras and basic knowledge of the shastras, Islamics Quran schools, and Sikhs statemental institutions which taught the sacred school text of Sikhism, the Granth ,and the Gurumukhi Script of the Punjabi language apply by Sikhs. The stand read verbalise language of north India in the British period was referred to interchangeably as Urdu, Hindi.Paul Brass, language, religion and politics in north India (Cambridge Cambridge university press, 1974), 129 further its was written in divergent book of account as Urdu was written in Iranian script speckle Hindu community procedured it in Hindi for everyday communication purposes was generally written in Devanagri, also known as Nagri. as Urdu was incorporated various Arabic and Persian words while Hindi drew on Sa nskrit was cited by Hindu nationalists as trial impression that Islam was foreign religion in India and there language should be the language of country.Vickie Langhor, Colonial education system and facing pages of local religious movements the cases of British Egypt and Punjab,(Cambridge university press,2005) 174 But it was the feature that Urdu language being used by Hindu community of north Indian. Till 1931 many Hindu in compound Punjab were literate in Urdu instead of Hindi language. Before the partition of India, during the compound Punjab Language and script construct the major source of division among the major communities of as Hindus Muslims and Sikhs.Ever since the beginning of the 11th century Northern India was remained under the Muslim rulers. During different periods different Muslims rulers ruled at different times and different dynasties spoke diverse languages as Afghans spoke Pushtu and Turks Turki and the Mughals spoke the Persian, Sikhs of the Punjab A cult ure of Confrontation and political mobilization, Dr Sarfraz Khawaja, (Islamabad, Pakistan modern book dept, 1985) 41 As it was the fact that in the period of the later Mughals, Urdu and Persian both languages were the court languages.When British succeeded the subcontinent they continued the same languages as the court languages. Shan Muhammad, the growth of Muslim politics in india1900-1919 (New Delhi, shish publishing house, 1991) 35. These languages were understood, also spoke at extended scale, still natives languages were also spoke by the native communities as Hindi, Punjabi Pahari Hindustani. In which Urdu and Hindi both languages were the sort of native and foreign languages Two sides of one fall Hindi Urdu, or Urdu HindiAs Hindi and Urdu were both names of one language script differentiate between them it called Urdu when it written in perso-Arabic script (both languages were associated with Muslim community) and when written in the Nagari script (associated with Hindu community) there were some lexical and phrasal differences. Yet the twain names for one language were much used for the same language and its literature segmented into parts generally on the basis of script and religions. S.Settar, Indira BaptistaGupta, Pangs of partition vol ?,(new Delhi Manohar publisher,2002. ) 34. Punjabi Hindu community used Urdu language as the language of commerce, journalism and administration. Urdu language was also the major language of literary expression not only in Muslim community in Hindu community as well in British Punjab while Punjabi was the spoken language. Atamjit Singh, The languages divide in Punjab South Asiatic Graduate Research Journal, 9Achadmic of the Punjab new America) Volume 4, No. , spring 1997 Colonial government language policy in Bihar and its after effects Urdu was mixture of Persian, Arabic and Hindi Punjabi. As this spoken language soon become to be written in the Persian and Arabic languages language. Urdu gained the as f unctionary language status after the abolishment of the Persian language in various provinces of the northern India so at 1842 lord Lawrence confirmed that the use of this language (Urdu) is rapidly spreading among all the ranks and is becoming a knife Franca Abid41Till the 2nd half of the 9th century Urdu not only became a miss language further also symbol of Muslim influence and government agency But In 1837 Persian language had been replaced by Indian vernaculars and Urdu was introduced as the vernacular of the vast tract of country known as Hindustani language, not only in Bihar and NWP and portions of central as well, However governance did not want personalized Urdu to be used as the vernacular. An dress of 19 April 1839 declaredThe pleading and proceedings be recorded in lucid intelligible Oordoo, and that the natives ministerial officers do not merely thumb a hindoostanee for a Persian verb at the end of sentence Tariq Rahman, language and politics in Pakistan,(Karach i, oxford university press 1996) 62 As various colonial officers discourage again and again Urdu language they were in the favor to judge Hindi as the vernacular language of the Hindustani peoples. The managing director of public instruction stated in his report Indo-Persian of the courts has no raisondetre except as a remnan and reminiscence of mahomedan sovereignty Abid 62.In 1872 sir Gorge Cambell, Lieutenant regulator of Bihar, approved order in which Urdu replaced by Hindi language in the courts of the province and this order was strictly imposed in 1880 by Sir Ashley Eden. Abid 62. As Hindi language was not pure one language moreover the blend of the many natives dialects of north India in its widest perspective it could be take for granted that Hindi language spoken in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and the Colonial Punjab. Dr Sarfraz Khawaga, Sikhs of the Punjab A study of confrontation and political mobilization, (Islamabad Modern book depot, 19 85. 43. As Hindi language had written in Nagari or Devengri script. The Nagri or Devangri alphabet originated sometime in the 11th century AD. initially developed to write Sanskrit it later circumscribed to write with several other languages. The name Devangri is made up of two Sanskrit words Deva, which means god, Brahman or celestiai and nagari, which means urban center. The name is diversely translated as script of the city, heavenly/sacred script of the city or script of the city of the god or priests.So for Hindu community Hindi language purged of all Persian and Arabic accretion which served to remind them of Muslim community ascendancy, As Devanagri script had a religious importance for Hindu community since it was the character which Brahmans used and in which Sanskrit books were written. So due to the religious association Hindu community insist to colonial government in various provinces that Urdu written in Persian script must be replaced by the Hindu with its Devanaga ri script.To fulfill their rent they presented the reason that (Urdu language was an dental amalgam of Persian and Arabic languages -and it -and it was forced upon us by our former rulersbut it was by no means accepted by the peoples at largeno Hindu gentlemen would ever condescend to educate his female in Urdu language and Persian because the books written in these languages are usually obscene. opus by the north western province and qudh provincial committee of education commission, (1884) , 490. quated by Dr Sarfaz Khawaja op. cit, 72.Pro Hindi script activities of Hindu community and Muslim chemical reaction Pro Hindi agitation traveled from Bihar to the other provinces due to the two main reasons as showtime when British replaced the Urdu language with Hindi language this close provide the courage to the Hindu community due to this decision later Bengali Hindu community started protest in Bengal. second then when Fateh chand established committees to press for Hindi langu age. Pro-Hindi movement quickly spread in Hindu community of the north colonial Indian.Then pro Hindi agitation travelled from Bihar, Bengal to other provinces such as NWFP. There was quashed materialisation occurred a failure to introduce Devanagari in the colonial Punjab and NWFP. Jaswant Singh, Jinnah India-partition-independence (New Delhi Rupa publisher, 2009. ) 41 Muslim reaction towards Urdu Hindi controversy in colonial Punjab Enforcement of Hindi language became a cause for grievance amongst major religious communities as Hindus and Muslims in various parts of indo-Pak Subcontinent. But in colonial Punjab arose for the very first time in 1882.Paul R. Brass, Language, Religion and Politics in North India (London Cambridge university press,1974),287 The demand of substitute of Hindi language in davanagri script for Urdu in Persian script in colonial Punjab by urban Hindu community was not only cause the Hindu Muslim communal conflict. But pro-Hindi campaign, Devanagri scri pt form Punjabi Hindu community and protective activities of Punjabi Muslim community for Urdu language was pushed the both religious communities to protect and promote interest of their own communities.